Hazardous Waste Disposal for New Jersey | City Disposal
Hazardous-waste management - Treatment, storage, and disposal
The Hazardous Waste Identification Process - Heritage®
Hazardous Waste Disposal Flow Chart
hazardous waste disposal process
hazardous waste disposal process - win
My ultra hardcore recycling guide for our house
Hi all, I've been putting together info for how to recycle in Tucson while leveraging all the recycling options that are open to me: curbside, the city's upcoming glass drop-off, local and mail-in corporate-sponsored, and TerraCycle (a paid option). I aim to reuse or recycle every last bit of waste coming out of our house, no matter how crazy it may seem. Partly I just want to see how difficult it is; I recognize that my process isn't practical for most people. Anyway, here's what I've gathered so far.
General principles
COMPOST: If it can be composted, compost it! (More on this below.)
REUSE: If it can't be composted, reuse it! Reuse is always the most environmentally-friendly option.
DONATE: If it can't be reused by you, donate it if it's something worth donating that someone else could use. https://tucsoncleanandbeautiful.org/ has a great directory for places that will accept various materials. Cero is a Tucson store that also accepts lots of stuff for donation and reuse. Donation usually involves transportation and some kind of carbon emissions, but it's still better than recycling. Don't donate junk! Donations aren't a free trash can.
MUNICIPAL RECYCLING: If it can't be donated, recycle it locally using municipal recycling (curbside or drop-off). Recycle Coach has all the info you need on what municipal recycling can or can't recycle. ESGD's page on residential recycling also has some important guidelines. Recycling uses energy and involves carbon-emitting transport, plus not everything in a recycling waste stream actually gets recycled, so try to reuse first.
LOCAL STORE DROP-OFF: If it can't be recycled using municipal recycling, recycle it at a local store for free. Earth911 has a search page that finds these stores and breaks them down by type, and TerraCycle's corporate-sponsored programs page also has some local programs. These programs typically ship their waste to a recycling partner, often TerraCycle in New Jersey, which adds to the environmental footprint of the process, so try to recycle municipally first.
FREE MAIL-IN: If it can't be recycled at a local store, use one of TerraCycle's free corporate-sponsored mail-in programs. These programs end up sending waste TerraCycle, just like the local store drop-offs, but are arguably less efficient than sending a big communal batch of stuff, so try to use the local store drop-offs first.
TERRACYCLE (PAID): If it can't be recycled using a mail-in program, use a paid all-in-one box to have TerraCycle recycle it if it's small and light. This is effectively the same as using one of the mail-in options above except that you have to pay, so try to use a mail-in program first.
REGIONAL DROP-OFF: If it's a big bulky waste that can't be donated, see if it can be recycled outside of Tucson (e.g., save up Styrofoam for the next time I drive to Phoenix, where they do have the appropriate facilities). TerraCycle accepts almost anything, but their all-in-one boxes are pricey, so it may make more sense to save up big hard-to-recycle stuff like packaging for Phoenix or another big city, if you think you'll drive there at some point. Don't make unnecessary trips just to drop off waste!
GOLDEN RULE #1: Make sure that the material is clean. Clean waste streams are more valuable to recyclers, which helps keep costs down. Don't use too much water cleaning up stuff, but don't feel too guilty about using water, either! Dishwater usage is a tiny sliver of household water consumption, not to mention that industry and agriculture generally use much more water than homes.
GOLDEN RULE #2: The goal of recycling is to break down your waste into "primary materials" (e.g., plastic, metal, paper, glass) that can be used by industry to make new products. The more mixed your materials, the more you need to research how to recycle it. Knowing the basics goes a long way. For example, I know that metal cans get melted down, so a paper or plastic label attached to the can doesn't worry me because I know that it will get burned off. But what about a milk carton, which is paper fused with plastic? Or the circuitry inside the plastic base of a CFL bulb? If you can't intuitively explain how the thing is going to get broken down into its primary materials, that's your cue that you need to do some research.
GOLDEN RULE #3: Knowing the basics of how recycling centers work goes a long way. For example, if you know that you can't recycle plastic grocery bags curbside because they get stuck in the machines, that's a hint that you shouldn't try to recycle your plastic food wrap, either. Or if you know that plastic bottle caps fall through the holes of a separator, that's a hint that you need to research whether your beer bottle caps are recyclable (even though they're metal).
Reuse and recycling guide for my home
This is not a comprehensive list of every recycling resource in Tucson, this is just for my house my household's needs. I've found that there's no one-size-fits-all solution if you want to reach close to 100% recycling/reuse, you end up having to come up with a list that's customized for your home, which requires research. I'm providing my list as a potential template as well as for inspiration. Legend:
Batteries and Bulbs batteries = drop off at a local Batteries and Bulbs (program page); don't mix with other Batteries and Bulbs recycling
Batteries and Bulbs bulbs = ditto
Gillette = mail-in/drop-off program (there's a drop-off point at Bullets Barber Shop in midtown; note that the Beauty Republic listing on TerraCycle's program page is inaccurate. I spoke with Beauty Republic's owner and confirmed this.)
Rechargeable batteries and battery packs (e.g., lithium ion): Batteries and Bulbs batteries
Alkaline and other single-use batteries: TerraCycle
Bulbs: Batteries and Bulbs bulbs
Cleaning supplies
Used wipes: TerraCycle
Non-tub, hard plastic containers (laundry, spray bottles, etc.): curbside
Other
Fabric scraps: Cero reuse
Plastic mailers (e.g., those bubble wrap pouches that Amazon sometimes uses; as long as they're clean and in reusable condition): Cero reuse
Stationery (e.g., pens, glue sticks, paint sets, flexible packaging; NOT white out): Cero stationery
Styrofoam: small items go to TerraCycle, big bulky items (e.g., box packaging) go to The Perfect Block
How do I sort all this?
Right now, I'm using a makeshift system of lots and lots of bags to keep everything separate. My idea is to do a monthly "recycling day" and drop off everything that needs to be dropped off as well as mail in everything that needs to be mailed in. I haven't had to do this yet since I started this project. I hope to build a sorting station in my house once I understand my needs a bit better.
Notes on TerraCycle and partner programs
A lot of the corporate-sponsored/mail-in/drop-off programs are done through TerraCycle, a New Jersey-based recycler that specializes in recycling hard-to-recycle things (e.g., potato chip bags, toothbrushes). They make lots of their money through large corporations, which essentially pay them to process unprofitable waste in order to burnish their environmental stewardship bona fides. They also offer paid recycling pouches and boxes to the general public. You mail in these pouches/boxes (they come with a shipping label) after filling them up with recyclable waste. TerraCycle will recycle almost anything and everything. However, anything that gets recycled through them or one of their corporate programs is shipped to New Jersey for processing, so it's preferable to reuse or recycle locally. They're also not as transparent as I wish they would be. I'm not certain, for example, how much of each waste stream actually gets recycled. They have a customer support contact form that's been very good for getting my questions answered, but beware that they take about 2-3 days to get back to you per request. I bought the large "all-in-one" box from their site and found a coupon code online to bring the cost down to around $350. I read a review elsewhere from someone who got a medium box (about 50% the size) who said that it lasted her six months. My idea is to use this box as "recycling of last resort" and rely on drop-off programs as much as possible to keep costs down. On the other hand, this makes my life more complicated in terms of sorting different waste streams, so you could simplify by putting waste destined for various drop-off points into a single TerraCycle all-in-one box. You need to register for free on their website to use their mail-in programs. Many of their mail-in programs unfortunately have wait lists. Of the ~15 programs for which I signed up around two weeks ago, about 8 had wait lists, and I got off the wait list for about 5 of them. So they seem to go through the list pretty regularly. Once you're in, you can print off a free UPS label from the "my profile" section of the site after logging in. If I had to take a wild guess, I would assume that TerraCycle has a higher rate of recycling than municipal programs, but this must be balanced against the financial and environmental cost of shipping waste to their facilities.
Composting
The Achilles' heel in my recycling and reuse plan is organic matter. The City of Tucson has a composting program but it's only open to businesses. There are a few volunteer-run programs here and there that accept compostable waste. I managed to sign up for one, UA's Compost Cats, and will be meeting them tomorrow to pick up my sealed composting bucket and go over the program rules. I know that they have limited capacity, so you have to email them. They took about a week to get back to me.
Alena at Desert Rose Collective, who makes beautiful household goods from reused local bottles, jars and other materials. (Btw, I emailed her and she explained that she's not currently accepting donations for reuse due to COVID-19, but that in the future she plans to accept glass jars or bottles with lids.)
My friend posted this before but I think it got removed due to his newish account and low karma so I am reposting it! Recently Mike Jones of youtube also talked about this stock so I believe this is a super legit play and I wanted to make Deadinsyde aware of it if he wasn't already. "This is my first DD for a stock discussion board on Reddit. So take it easy. PyroGenesis Canada Inc (PYRNF) is a company that is the leader in the design, development, manufacturing, and commercialization of advanced plasma processes. Yep, straight from their Company Overview. I'm going to detail just a few of their disciplines that really excite me about this companies future. Waste-To-Energy (PRRS) This company has developed a process for disposing of industrial waste (hazardous, biomedical, etc) using their in house plasma technologies. As a bi-product of these processes they can harness clean energy in the form of electricity, steam, and liquid fuels. This is exciting because not only does it bode well in a Clean Energy movement like we are seeing, but it actually solves a big problem with industrial waste and turns into a useful resource. Plasma Atomized Metal Powders Now this is where I see a lot of growth potential moving forward with this company. PyroGenesis has invented its own process for creating atomized spherical metal powders. Yep, that sounds complex, because it is. They feed wire strands of various metals into their "Plasma Atomization" machine which breaks the metal down into uniform spherical metal dust particles. Emphasis on uniform, this means they can control the size of the particles which could meet virtually unlimited customer needs. This is game changing in the era that we are entering where 3D-Printing, and scalability of mass production will rule. Potential Catalysts
For all of you Cathie Wood fans out there, ARK has recently added this company in their ARK PRNT fund with a current cost-basis of $3.71. This stock closed around 4$ today so it seems like a good early entry time to me.
The company just filed with the SEC to be listed on the NASDAQ. They currently trade on the OTC and the Toronto Stock Exchange. This is big for a couple reasons. First off, it shows the company is checking off a lot of boxes that the NASDAQ requires for listing. Second, and more importantly IMO, one of the main reasons this company wants to be traded on the NASDAQ is to allow more institutions and ETFs to invest. A lot of companies have restrictions against owning OTC stocks.
The company recently filed an NCIB request for 5 million shares over the course of 2021. This is a Canadian process for Stock-Buyback. This could mean a few things. They could be confident in their growth of 202. They could also be looking out for their investors and want their share prices to increase to reward loyal shareholders. In either case, this is a bullish sign for an investor.
Summary I think PyroGenesis Canada has an extraordinary growth potential for 2021 and beyond. Fundamentally they are crushing quarterly earnings (Q4 2020 revenue estimated to be up 367% from Q4 2019), they have an amazing business model that supports clean energy, safer waste disposal, and supplies a massive potential market for Atomized Metallic Particles. They have a thumbs up from Cathie Wood (so if that matters to you then cha ching). I (a random Reddit investor) am very bullish on this companies outlook. I hope reading this long DD wasn't to painful. See you guys/girls on the moon."
This is my first DD for a stock discussion board on Reddit. So take it easy. PyroGenesis Canada Inc (PYRNF) is a company that is the leader in the design, development, manufacturing, and commercialization of advanced plasma processes. Yep, straight from their Company Overview. I'm going to detail just a few of their disciplines that really excite me about this companies future. Waste-To-Energy (PRRS) This company has developed a process for disposing of industrial waste (hazardous, biomedical, etc) using their in house plasma technologies. As a bi-product of these processes they can harness clean energy in the form of electricity, steam, and liquid fuels. This is exciting because not only does it bode well in a Clean Energy movement like we are seeing, but it actually solves a big problem with industrial waste and turns into a useful resource. Plasma Atomized Metal Powders Now this is where I see a lot of growth potential moving forward with this company. PyroGenesis has invented its own process for creating atomized spherical metal powders. Yep, that sounds complex, because it is. They feed wire strands of various metals into their "Plasma Atomization" machine which breaks the metal down into uniform spherical metal dust particles. Emphasis on uniform, this means they can control the size of the particles which could meet virtually unlimited customer needs. This is game changing in the era that we are entering where 3D-Printing, and scalability of mass production will rule. Potential Catalysts
For all of you Cathie Wood fans out there, ARK has recently added this company in their ARK PRNT fund with a current cost-basis of $3.71. This stock closed around 4$ today so it seems like a good early entry time to me.
The company just filed with the SEC to be listed on the NASDAQ. They currently trade on the OTC and the Toronto Stock Exchange. This is big for a couple reasons. First off, it shows the company is checking off a lot of boxes that the NASDAQ requires for listing. Second, and more importantly IMO, one of the main reasons this company wants to be traded on the NASDAQ is to allow more institutions and ETFs to invest. A lot of companies have restrictions against owning OTC stocks.
The company recently filed an NCIB request for 5 million shares over the course of 2021. This is a Canadian process for Stock-Buyback. This could mean a few things. They could be confident in their growth of 202. They could also be looking out for their investors and want their share prices to increase to reward loyal shareholders. In either case, this is a bullish sign for an investor.
Summary I think PyroGenesis Canada has an extraordinary growth potential for 2021 and beyond. Fundamentally they are crushing quarterly earnings (Q4 2020 revenue estimated to be up 367% from Q4 2019), they have an amazing business model that supports clean energy, safer waste disposal, and supplies a massive potential market for Atomized Metallic Particles. They have a thumbs up from Cathie Wood (so if that matters to you then cha ching). I (a random Reddit investor) am very bullish on this companies outlook. I hope reading this long DD wasn't to painful. See you guys/girls on the moon.
Preface forTheeHiveBees: I promised this safety plan quite some time ago. It has turned into quite the arduous, yet rewarding and insightful, task. The following document is best suited for BabyBees, and I will post it there as soon as possible after posting here; however, I hope that it will contain valuable information for most, if not all, bees. I, myself, am by no means an expert bee (although I possess a good deal of chemical knowledge in the ordinary sense, especially in regard to safety, at this point, and have a lot of experience in professional labs, mostly quantitative). As a result, I would like this to be a working document, and as such, I will consider any and all edits that other bees recommend. Please comment or DM any input or questions you may have. I am greatly indebted to all of you who have all ready provided assistance, and apologize if I missed any of your previous recommendations. *I especially need some assistance with waste disposal (last section) information. I only know about professional waste disposal, which we obviously want to avoid when possible. Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. Basic Laboratory Safety Rules III. Dress, Preparation, and PPE for Lab Work A. Basic Considerations B. PPE C. Lab Setup D. Behavior and Technique IV. Chemical Safety A. SDS B. Chemical Labeling C. Chemical Storage D. Bonding and Grounding E. Peroxide Forming Molecules and Shelf Lives V. Labware Safety A. Glassware B. Support C. Tubing D. Heat E. Electricity VI. Reaction Safety A. Fume Hoods B. Additional Tips VII. Emergency Procedures A. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations B. Fire Extinguishers C. Fire Blankets D. Spills E. First Aid VIII. Post-Procedure Protocols A. Personal Hygiene B. Facility Hygiene C. Waste Disposal ____________________________________________________________________________ II. Basic Laboratory Safety Rules:
Never work alone, and alert others on the premises that you are about to conduct lab work. If you are blinded, set on fire, burnt, frightened, accidentally intoxicated, experience a health emergency, or are otherwise put in danger, you may be unable to remedy the situation alone, which could lead to death, permanent blindness, disfigurement, etc. Be sure that you and/or another has the ability to call 911.
Wear proper PPE at all times and avoid other hazardous dress (see the section on PPE below).
Always prepare for the worst!! Wear the PPE and take the precautions that will protect against the worst case scenario given the chemicals and processes you work with.
Never eat, drink, chew gum, or have any unnecessary items in the lab in case of contamination (of the items, self, or the experiment).
Keep the lab clean, sanitary, and organized.
Never allow walkways or exits to become obstructed.
Thoroughly study the SDS for each chemical you work with.
Have emergency procedures in place, including fire extinguishers, fire blankets, first aid, spill kits, emergency showers, and eyewash station.
Understand peroxide-forming chemicals, and evaluate shelf-lives of materials.
Bond and ground flammable and combustible fluids.
Use a fume hood.
Store and handle reagents properly.
Add acids and bases to water, never vice-versa.
Never look into the end of any glassware wherein a reaction is taking place.
III. Dress, Preparation, and PPE for Lab Work A. Basic Considerations: Before we apply PPE, there are some basic precautions that must be taken in terms of dress and personal hygiene. Do NOT:
Wear loose fitting clothing that may knock things over, catch fire, or soak up chemicals.
Wear jewelry for the above reasons. Metals in jewelry may also react with certain chemicals.
Unnecessarily expose any skin.
Wear contact lenses, unless full, non-ventilated goggles are also worn.
Do:
Maintain personal hygiene to avoid contamination.
Wear all proper PPE, especially gloves and goggles at all times.
Wash hands and change gloves as frequently as possible.
Wear closed-toe, thick, shoes.
Wear tight-fitting clothing that covers as much skin as possible- long sleeves, long pants, closed shirt, and lab coat.
B. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): The most obvious safety practice is the use of personal protective equipment. However, PPE is the last system of defense against chemical hazards. Practitioners should focus their efforts on the maintenance of a safe work environment, proper training, and the replacement of more with less dangerous chemicals where possible. We will classify PPE into three sections- eye, body, and respiratory protection. (note: larger labs and some rare reactions may also require hearing protection, light-restrictive eye protection, hard hats, and other forms of protection as necessary). Eye Protection: Chemical splash goggles Eye protection is not just to prevent impact, which is all that general safety goggles, with or without side shields, do. General safety goggles and eyeglasses offer limited protection against sprays, and do NOT prevent splash hazards, which may come from any angle or drip down one’s face into the eyes. Additionally, some chemical fumes are eye irritants. Bees should wear chemical splash goggles labeled with the code Z87.1, which denotes compliance with safety standards. The goggles must fit snugly against the face and remain on at all times. Suggestion: Chemical Splash/Impact Goggle.
Do not touch your eyes while in a lab.
Never wear contact lenses in a lab- some chemicals may react with them, and liquids may get trapped under them, exacerbating eye damage and reducing effectiveness of emergency eye washes.
Face shields that cover the entire face may be necessary for chemicals that are particularly corrosive, flammable, or explosive.
Body Protection: Long clothes that cover as much skin as possible is a must. This means closed shoes or boots, pants, long sleeves, a lab coat, and gloves. Tie back long hair. Change gloves and wash hands as often as possible, especially before leaving the lab. Recognize that touching things such as your phone with your gloves on may spread toxic chemicals.
Gloves: Keep a large amount of gloves on hand. This includes boxes of traditional nitrile/latex gloves, and at least one pair each of heat/cold resistant and thick-rubber, arm-length, corrosive-resistant gloves.
All gloves are permeable- even the proper glove will only protect for a period of time. Many chemicals will eventually work their way through them. It is imperative that gloves are changed and hands washed as often as possible.
If more than one type of hand protection is necessary, multi-hazard protective gloves are available; otherwise, gloves may be layered.
All used gloves should be considered hazardous. Throw them away in a safe place, and do not wear or carry them outside of the lab area.
2. Lab Coats: Multi-hazard protection lab coats are best, and should be both fire (FR) and chemical splash (CP) resistant. Most basic lab coats found online or in stores are not FCP. Proper coats are more expensive, but are absolutely worthwhile as they may prevent fire, chemical burns, and even death (research the UCLA tert-butyllithium incident). Here is an example of a proper lab coat: Lab Coat.
If you work with corrosive chemicals, a chemical splash apron, arm-length rubber gloves, and face shields may be necessary.
Keep lab coats in the lab area unless they are washed. They should be assumed to contain hazardous chemicals.
3. Respiratory Protection: Never smell chemicals or inhale their fumes. Use a fume hood when necessary and keep containers closed tightly. In case of a large chemical spill, evacuate immediately. Use a fume hood with any organic solvent, concentrated acids, and concentrated ammonia. Use respirators when working with fine powders or toxic fumes. C. Lab setup: Develop a thorough floor plan before equipping your lab. Priorities:
Ventilation- Air must flow from other areas of the facility or home to the lab area, and subsequently out of the building. Fume hoods must immediately direct airflow out of building.
Maximize open work space and visibility, and minimize obstruction throughout the work area.
Allow ample space between and within workstations.
Include ample lighting.
Include ample (excess) storage space that is separate from lab spaces where reactions take place.
Use OSHA approved acid, corrosive, and flammable storage cabinets.
Strategically place first aid, wash stations, spill control kits, fire extinguishers and blankets such that all are easily accessible in case of emergency, and such that an emergency itself (e.g. fire) will not obstruct access.
Doors should, preferably, hinge outward to promote prompt evacuation.
All wash stations must have a proper drain.
Large sinks are best, and there should be one per workstation.
All electrical and gas lines must be easily severable or closable.
Black epoxy resin surfaces are preferred.
Install and routinely check smoke detectors.
D. Behavior and Technique:
Keep a proper lab notebook that records all procedures.
Gather all needed glassware, labware, and chemicals before beginning an experiment.
Keep all equipment clean and dry when not in use.
Never add solvent to acids, bases, etc!! This could result in a violent reaction. All ways prepare the solvent first, and slowly add the acid or base to it.
Eliminate distractions.
Stay organized and keep the lab uncluttered.
Bond and ground when pouring flammable or combustible liquids.
Use the right tool for the job. Do not skimp or substitute glassware.
IV. Chemical Safety A. SDS: The first and most vital step to understand how to safely handle chemicals is thorough, proper, and regular review of Safety Data Sheets. It is recommended that physical copies of SDSs be kept for all chemicals in the laboratory. Safety Data Sheets can be found online as well, and should be reviewed each time a chemical is used, at least until one has extensive experience with that chemical. Safety and storage information should also be reviewed for any compounds synthesized, as well as any side products or impurities. The format of an SDS is an update to the traditional MSDS, and follows the guidelines prescribed by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) established in March 2012. A traditional MSDS is likely to contain all or most of the necessary information; however, SDS has the benefit of a strict and easy to follow format that includes the following 16 sections: Section 1—Identification: Chemical/product name, name and contact information of producer. Section 2—Hazard(s) Identification: All known hazards of the chemical and required label elements. The GHS identifies three hazard classes: health (toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, etc.), physical (corrosive, flammable, combustible, etc.), and environmental hazards. There are 16 types of physical hazards and 10 types of health hazards. Next to each listed hazard is a rank/category from 1-4, with 1 being the most severe level of hazard. Next are hazard pictograms, a signal word, and hazard (H) statements and precautionary (P) statements. Pictograms allow chemists to quickly understand the basic hazards of a chemical, and must be on the chemical label. What pictograms a chemical requires is quantitatively determined, and users should become familiar with them. 📷 There are two signal words- Danger!, and Warning!, the former being more serious than the latter. P and H statements list specifically hazardous situations and precautions that must be taken when handling the chemical. Section 3—Composition/Information on Ingredients Section 4—First-Aid Measures Section 5—Fire-Fighting Measures Section 6—Accidental Release Measures: What to do in case of accidental spill or release of chemicals, proper containment, and cleanup. Section 7—Handling and Storage Section 8—Exposure Controls/Personal Protection: Includes exposure limits. Section 9—Physical and Chemical Properties: appearance, odor, flashpoint, solubility, pH, evaporation rates, etc. Section 10—Stability and Reactivity: Chemical stability and possible hazardous reactions. Section 11—Toxicological Information: Routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or absorption contact), symptoms, acute and chronic effects, and numerical measures of toxicity. Sections 12-15 are optional, but include ecological information, disposal considerations, transportation information, and regulatory information. Section 16-- includes any additional information the producer may want to portray. B. Chemical Labeling: All chemicals should be labeled at all times to avoid hazard, confusion, and waste.
Containers that are being used in a procedure (beakers, flasks, wash bottles, etc.) may simply be labeled with a piece of scotch tape and a permanent marker.
Vessels that will be heated can be labeled with a heat-resistant paint marker.
Chemicals that will be stored (whether produced or purchased) should be labeled with at minimum the chemical name, date of production/purchase/opening, and safety concerns. Simple labels may be used for containers that are not in the manufacturer’s packaging.
C. Chemical Storage: General Reagents:
Keep storage spaces organized, clean, and uncluttered.
All chemicals should be stored properly whenever not in use.
Store bottles away from shelf edges, and/or have lipped shelves to prevent falls from, and contain spills on, shelves.
Keep seals tight.
Keep an inventory.
Always label chemicals properly, including the dates received and opened.
Bees may opt to cover glass containers in clear packing tape to reduce mess if a bottle is broken.
Store flammable and combustible liquids in a flammable cabinet. An old fridge is a good method of storage for bees. Never store food or drink in the same refrigerator.
Do not store liquids above solids.
Always store corrosive chemicals on spill trays.
Store odoriferous and toxic chemicals in ventilated cabinets.
Keep heavy containers on bottom shelves, and don’t store in high places or on the floor unless properly protected.
Acetone with- bromine, chlorine, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrogen peroxide (do not use acetone to clean receptacles that have had these chemicals in them!).
Iodine with- acetylene, ammonia, or hydrogen.
Water- keep all other chemicals away from water unless in solution. Especially avoid hydration of acetyl chloride, alkaline and alkaline earth metals, barium peroxide, carbides, chromic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorous pentoxide, sulfuric acid, or sulfur trioxide.
Nitric Acid with- acetone, acetic acid, alcohol, chromic acid, aniline, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, or any flammable substances (keep this in mind when cleaning with nitric acid).
Hydrogen Peroxide with- copper, chromium, iron, most metals or salts of metals, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, flammable liquids, ammonia, or oxidizing agents.
Zinc and sulfur.
Mercury with- acetylene, fulminic acid, or ammonia.
Compressed Gasses:
Keep cylinders of compressed gasses secured
Keep appropriate breathing apparati in the vicinity, but not immediately near the compressed gases in case of emergency.
Keep the valve cap secured unless in use or connected to a line.
Do not store flammable gases near oxidizers or combustible materials.
Do not allow a cylinder to empty completely.
Dispose of cylinders after ten years, or three in the case of corrosive and toxic chemicals.
Note: avoid working with gases when possible. Gas chemistry has many complications, is often unsafe, and produces poor yields and poor quality products. Bulk Storage Containers:
Carboys: These are great for general purpose, and storage of chemicals no longer in their original container. However, they are not ideal for transport or use with acids, caustics, flammable liquids, or corrosive substances.
Safety Cans: have spring loaded lids and flame arresters. They are good for fluids in volumes less than five gallons, are safe for transporting most chemicals, and can be had for around $80. Recommended Safety Can.
Drums: for bulk chemicals. They may weigh in excess of 800 lb (364 kg), and should only be moved with a drum dolly, not rolled or dragged. Drums may be made of steel or high-strength plastics.
D. Bonding and Grounding: “Class I Liquids should not be run or dispensed into a container unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected.” (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106(e)(6)(ii), ATEX directive, and NFPA UFC Div. VIII, Sec. 79.803a). An ungrounded static voltage (including from friction) may cause combustion of some fluids. Metal containers must be connected via a common grounding wire made of solid or braided wire, or welded connections, before fluid is poured between them. E. Peroxide-Forming Chemicals: A variety of common chemicals spontaneously form peroxide compounds under ordinary storage conditions due to reaction with oxygen. Peroxides are extraordinarily explosive, and can often be ignited by contact with heat, friction (incl. simply turning the cap of the container), and mechanical shock (incl. shaking, bumping, or dropping). Three classes of peroxide-forming chemicals are of particular interest, and are organized by the precautions that should be taken with unopened and opened containers. Class A Peroxide Formers: the most hazardous class. Unopened: discard or test for peroxides after 12 months or at manufacturer’s expiration date (whichever comes first). Opened: Test for peroxides quarterly. Common class A peroxide formers include: Butadiene (liquid monomer) Isopropyl ether Sodium amide (sodamide) Chloroprene (liquid monomer) Potassium amide Tetrafluoroethylene (liquid monomer) Divinyl acetylene Potassium metal Vinylidene chloride Class B Peroxide Formers: Unopened: discard or test for peroxides after 12 months or at manufacturer’s expiration date (whichever comes first). Opened: test for peroxide formation every 6 months. *Always test this class immediately before any distillation. Common Class B Peroxide Formers include: Acetal Cumene Diacetylene Methylacetylene 1-Phenylethanol Acetaldehyde Cyclohexanol Diethyl ether Methylcyclopentane 2-Phenylethanol Benzyl alcohol 2-Cychlohexen-1-ol Dioxanes MIBK 2-Propanol Benzaldehyde Cyclohexene Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) 2-Pentanol Tetrahydrofuran 2-Butanol Decahydronaphthalene Furan 4-Penten-1-ol Class C Peroxide Formers: Same precautions as Class B. Include: Acrylic acid Chloroprene Styrene Vinyl acetylene Vinyladiene chloride Acrylonitirile Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Vinyl chloride Butadiene Methyl methacrylate Vinyl acetate Vinyl pyridine *Without opening, immediately dispose of any peroxide-forming chemical with any crystalline formation. Be careful not to open, shake, heat, or drop. Testing Peroxide-Forming Chemicals: Peroxide test strips can be bought cheaply online, or various in-lab tests can be performed: One method is to combine the fluid with an equal volume (1-3mL) of acetic acid (AcOH). To this a few drops of a 5% KI solution are added, and a color change indicates the presence of peroxides. Another method adds a small amount of the fluid to be tested (~0.5mL) to ~1mL 10% KI solution and ~0.5mL dilute HCL. To this a few drops of starch indicator are added, and the presence of blue/blue-black color within a minute indicates the presence of peroxides. Fluids with a LOW (<30ppm) concentration of peroxides can often be deperoxidated via filtration through activated alumina, distillation (not for THF!), evaporation, or chromatography. V. Labware Safety A. Glassware:
Always inspect glassware for cracks, chips, or fractures before use. Discard any glassware that is even slightly damaged.
Use glassware for its intended purpose! Heat fluids in a round-bottom boiling flask whenever possible.
Store on a shelf away from the edge. Round-bottomed flasks should be set on cork or tin holders, or padded into a drawer.
Joint grease reduces stuck joints, and therefore breakage.
Always carry glassware with two hands. Do not hold beakers by their sides, or flasks by the neck.
Clean glassware after any procedure, and before as necessary.
B. Support:
Use the fewest amount of clamps such that all structures are firmly held.
Support all flasks with rings.
Assemble apparati from bottom up.
Assemble such that liquid always passes through the male joint. Never allow fluid to pass into the joint. This prevents both leaks and lubricant contamination.
Do not over tighten clamps. Clamps should be tightened the minimum amount that provides a secure frame.
C. Tubing:
Cut glass tubing by placing a single slit in the desired position, then breaking by pulling the edges toward you and pushing the joint out.
Bend glass tubing by heating until red, and pulling ends toward self to form desired angle.
Use lubricant to insert tubing into stoppers, and wear hand protection during assembly.
DO NOT force glass together or into anything. Use minimal pressure, lubricant, and a gentle twisting motion if necessary.
D. Heating:
Heating mantles and hot plates are preferred over bunsen burners in almost all situations. Never unnecessarily introduce a flame to your lab environment.
Avoid rapid temperature changes whenever possible. Borosilicate glass is made for more rapid temperature changes. Heat and cool glass slowly. Do not set hot glass on a cold tabletop or under cold water.
Never look into the mouth of a receptacle that is being heated, or point it towards the self or others.
Use heat resistant gloves and/or tongs to handle hot receptacles or products.
Cover oil baths so they don’t splatter, or use a sand bath in its stead.
Always use boiling chips for reflux and distillation!
E. Electricity:
Be aware of electrical hazards. Check wires periodically, and keep the lab environment dry and clean.
Use power strips to protect equipment.
VI. Reaction Safety A. Fume Hoods: Fume hoods are absolutely essential whenever flammability, toxicity, or accidental intoxication is a concern. That includes all organic solvents, concentrated acids, and concentrated ammonia, as well as any materials that are both volatile and toxic, corrosive, reactive, or intoxicating. The face velocity of a fume hood should be around 100 ft/min or 0.5 m/s. Keep these guidelines in mind when using a fume hood:
Regularly check that air flow is not blocked.
Keep the sash open as little as possible to promote air flow.
Keep all chemicals and glassware at least 6 inches away from the edge of the workspace.
Air should flow from the fume hood directly to the outdoors.
Unfortunately, bees often find that fume hoods are the most difficult apparatus to obtain and install in a private laboratory. Nonetheless, it is imperative that each lab includes one. This is especially important for bees, who often work in confined spaces that can quickly and easily fill with toxic, flammable, or intoxicating vapors. A proper fume hood may cost several thousand dollars. Fortunately, there are many online guides and videos that teach how to construct one for as little as a few hundred dollars. The builder must meticulously ensure that air flow is adequate and constant. The outtake must be properly filtered, and there must not be any leaks through which air can flow other than the space under the sash and the outtake. B. Additional Tips:
Avoid gas chemistry whenever possible. It is often dangerous, difficult, and produces poor quality products and low yields.
Avoid pressurized systems whenever possible. They also present special risks.
After working with potentially pyrophoric agents that may not interact well with water or oxygen, flush apparati with pressurized inert gas before cleaning.
Do not clean bromine contaminated glassware with acetone, which forms bromoacetone, a tear gas.
Always use deionized water- tap water contains interruptive ions such as Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Ca2+, as well as dissolved gasses.
VII. Emergency Procedures A. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations: If any hazardous chemical comes in contact with the body or eyes, the emergency shower or eye-wash station should be utilized immediately, with continued application for at least 15 minutes. The eyes should be held open for this entire process. Quality eye-wash stations can be purchased online for between 50 and several hundred US dollars. Bees who don’t have one installed are advised to purchase one. Some models can be attached directly to a sink faucet. An alternative, less effective, and minimal necessary precaution is bottled, eye-safe saline solution such as EyeSaline and Physician’s Care Eyewash Station, which can be purchased online for around $10 for a single bottle, and $30+ for kits. At least two bottles should be kept on hand in case both eyes are contaminated. Application of bottled solution to both eyes may require a partner, because the eyes must be held open to maximize effectiveness. For this, and other reasons (speed, difficulty/time of opening bottles vs. pushing a button, and water pressure) an actual eyewash station is in all ways preferred. Faucet-mounted eyewash stations such as the following are very affordable (US $59.95). Recommended Eyewash Station. Bees may not, however, have the space to install a safety shower. The home shower may be used in its stead; however, precaution must be taken to ensure it is easily accessible. The chemist should alert all others in the home/facility that they are working, and require that the door to the shower, and the path to it, be open at all times in case of emergency. B. Fire extinguishers:
Avoid working with flames whenever possible, especially when working with flammable solvents. Hot plates or heating mantles are preferable in almost all situations.
There are four classes of fires:
Class A- ordinary combustibles- wood, cloth, paper- can be extinguished with water, or general fire extinguishers. Class B- organic solvents, flammable liquids- chemical foam extinguishers (also work for class A and C). Class C- electrical equipment- chemical foam extinguishers. Class D- combustible metals such as aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
A dry chemical ABC extinguisher is usually adequate.
If you plan to work with combustible metals (not recommended unless necessary), make sure to have a class D dry chemical fire extinguisher. Other methods or classes of extinguishers will not put out a combustible metal fire. Note that class D fire extinguishers will not work for class A, B, or C fires.
Do not use a CO2 extinguisher- if it has to be used on the person it can cause frostbite and inhibit breathing.
C. Fire blankets: Used for small fires, or to put out a person who has caught fire (laying on ground, standing may cause the fire to move up the body to the head due to a chimney effect). D. Spills: Keep some vinegar or baking soda around to neutralize bases and acids, respectively. After acids and bases are neutralized, the chemical can be mopped up and placed in waste disposal. VIII. Post-Procedure Protocols A. Personal Hygiene: Wash hands, face, and all exposed skin after PPE has been removed to avoid recontamination by touching dirty clothes. Shower and change clothes once possible. B. Facility Hygiene: Clean all surfaces, glassware, and equipment before leaving the lab. Keep laboratory items in the lab, and personal items out of it. Chemicals may be transferred into the home through those items. Additionally, foreign objects have the potential to contaminate sterile laboratory environments. C. Waste Disposal: Waste disposal is one of the most important aspects of safety, image management, public relations, avoidance of fines or criminal charges, and environmental preservation.
Create a waste disposal plan before beginning a procedure or ordering a chemical.
Consult the SDS for all chemicals, individually or in a mixture.
Clearly label all containers, including waste.
Rinse out empty containers with an inert solvent several times before disposal.
Collect aqueous waste separately from organic solvent waste, and place solid waste in a labeled container for disposal. Flammable and toxic waste should be stored in a closed waste container in the fume hood until proper disposal is possible.
Non-hazardous waste may be disposed of in a landfill.
The Article “Management of Waste” found here states, “The best strategy for managing laboratory waste aims to maximize safety and minimize environmental impact, and considers these objectives from the time of purchase.” The article describes four tiers of waste management:
Pollution prevention and source reduction (green chemistry).
Reuse and redistribution of unwanted/surplus material (purchasing only what is needed).
Treatment, reclamation, and recycling of materials within the waste.
Disposal through incineration, treatment, or land burial. Additionally, use of solvent as fuel, or a fuel blender (the least desirable tier).
I hope this safety plan can save a few bees. I know there is a lot of information, but chemical safety is extremely important and multifaceted. Best of luck with your endeavors. Stay safe out there!
1-A planet that has plant lifes that can grow in every organic substince very fast. Resulting everyone who set a foot in this planet devored by untold billons of micro seeds on the skin. Sucking up nutritions And killing them. 2-The planet has massive, godzilla like creatures roaming around and stepping on everything 3-The planet is house to untold trillons of diseses, bacteria, parasites And viruses 4-The planets weather changes rapidly. One seconds its hot enough to boild your blood, another second is cold enough to freeze it. 5-A planet with massive solar waves And ion storms that result it giant storms And perventing technology to function properly. 6- The planet has suffered a supervolcano eruption, burying the cities in ash and reducing the sun to a dim bulb in the sky even at high noon. 7- The planet was host to a botched gravity manipulation experiment, and now shifts in the gravity are as frequent as changes in the weather, including brutal "grav storms" that will literally fling anything not bolted down into orbit. 8- The planet is a hazardous waste dump for an advanced species. Anything from yesterday's lunch, to surplus military weapons, to small quantities of anti-matter in expired containment units could be going to the surface to become someone else's problem. 9- The entire planet has been declared a memorial to the intelligent species that once lived there. Their cities and homes are kept pristine by an army of robots... which will brutally expunge anything disrupting the sanctity of the memorial. 10- The planet is tidally locked to the sun, resulting in a blasted day-side hellscape and a cold perpetual night on the opposite side. 11- A planet with extremely fine and sharp dust due to a lack of any binding water. This dust would wear down anything rather quickly and it would end up everywhere. They would also create thunderstorms due to static electricity. 12- A planet with extremely a high density atmosphere. 13- A planet with vast deposits of Gallium. During summer when the heat builds up entire land masses shift over the molten metal, every year the geography of the entire world shifts and rivers of liquid metal make certain areas uninhabitable. 14- A planet where terraforming efforts have catastrophically failed. To resolve, roll again. The second result is an unexpected side effect, which appeared late in the process. If not for this side effect, the planetary environment would have been very pleasant for a variety of lifeforms. 15- -This planet is a jungle world so choked with vegetation the planet's earthen surface can't be found. The canopy layers are similar to the layer zones of oceans; the deeper one goes the less light there is, the stranger the life becomes, and the more hostile the conditions get. 16- -A dry desert planet with no resources of any kind, but is used as a testing ground for many experimental military equipment and munitions. Expect unexploded ordanence, rouge AI with guns, unstable energy weapons, and random blasts from orbital weapon platforms. 17- -The planet teeters dangerously close to a black hole but is held in place with a 'spatial anchor' on it's surface. Everything else that comes close to the black hole is sucked in so the planet is constantly bombarded with chunks of other broken planets 18- -A rouge planet that has no light of any kind. The clouds prevent any stars from being seen. It's totally silent here. There is something down there. Darkness equals death. Don't take your eyes off the light. Don't shine light into the dark. 19- Planet which is covered by a green mold that has completely encased everything 20- A planet covered in self replicating nanites. Any thing that touches the surface gets dissolved by the nanites. 21- A planet with permanent extremely violent storms. 22- A planet surrounded by killer satellites. The satellites fire on any non-native lifeforms on the planet. 23- A planet that was used for biological weapons testing. Horrific mutated monstrosities hunt and kill anything on the surface. 24- A planet that was used for robotic weapons testing. Prototype war machines hunt and kill anything on the surface. 25- Hordes of ghost wander around the planet and suck the life out of the living. 26- The entire planet is booby trapped. 27- The planet is a nuclear wasteland. Most of the world is covered in lethal levels of radiation. 28- The planet passes through a debris cloud. The ground is regularly hammered by meteorites. 29- The planets atmosphere acts like a drug. Drug causes (apathy, euphoria, mindless rage, paralysis, sleep, weakness). 30- The planets atmosphere is acidic. 31- The planets atmosphere is saturated with mutagens. Any person or creature exposed to the atmosphere mutates into horrific a creature. 32- The planets atmosphere is toxic. 33- The planet is covered in a fungal forest. The surface is constantly covered in a cloud of spores. The spores are lethal to those who breath them. 34- The planet suffered a zombie apocalypse. All the people and creatures on the planet are mindless zombies that attack the living. 35- The planet was host to a dimensional gateway experiment. Gateways randomly appear and disappear all around the planet. The gates often open to something dangerous (in or near a black hole / in or near a star / in a magma pocket / in the vacuum of space). 36- A planet that recently drew a moon into its Roche limit, ripping it apart. There's a belt around the equator where moon debris the size of Alaska rains down on all sides constantly, and will for the next 100,000 years. 37- • The planet is travelling through time at an accelerated pace. Days pass in seconds, and years pass in minutes. Before you can find out what's going on, it's too late. you've arrived at the heat-death of the universe 38- • The surface is covered by a relatively thin membrane separating the dangerous liquids from the atmosphere. From the outside, it appears that life can thrive on this planet, but only if it can distribute its weight well enough. 39- • This planet has converted its entire population into pure energy by mistake. Given the continued absence of life on the planet, it's safe to assume the machine is still active. 40- The planet had a breathable atmosphere, earth-like gravity, and a lush biosphere. However, due to the combined action of it's moons and the activity of the star it orbits, surface wind speeds seldom drop below 320km/h, with average rainfall over 12m/day. While the planet is theoretically habitable, attempting a landing is suicidal. 41- This planet is in a hyper-elliptic orbit around a massively dense star, being flung into the deep reaches of space, cold and freezing, before eventually reaching its apex, and beginning a gradual increase in speed until it is hurtling through space, briefly passing so near the star the atmosphere boils off, before being flung off into deep space and freezing over once again. 42- This “planet” is the body of a long dead gigantic being. It’s festering corpse was big enough to hold an atmosphere, and its rotting body produced fumes that made up a sickly yellow sky full of toxic gas. The ground is soft and mushy due to the decayed muscle underfoot, and may swallow you like quicksand. The life forms found here are mostly descended from gigantic parasites that were in the original creature. These parasites have evolved into different things, but still keep many parasitic features, making even the smallest plant dangerous. The seas are made a mix of body fluids, which rain down from blood red clouds. They are extremely acidic and contaminated with all sorts of bacteria, so caution is required in making any sort of water here. The surface has many great gaps and holes, leading into the dark abyss below. This underground houses the most predators, who consume the “planet” from the inside out. 43- Most of the animal life has evolved to be hyper-intelligent when it comes to survival. The simplest predator is as smart as the average teenager and there seem to be plenty of species that hunt for fun. 44- Planet was hit by a gamma ray burst that scourged it of most life either recently or long ago 45- Planet was terraformed by a long-dead race leaving relics like island size nuclear reactors, ancient machines waiting to be rewoken (Illus from the Expanse) 46- An arid planet with seas made of acid that rotate around the planet with the gravity of its moon wiping out everything in cycles 47- A planet that, at random times at least once per week, incenses it's gravity tenfold for one minute. Makes life near impossible and a death sentence for any travelers 48- The entire planet is constructed of thin sticks of balsa wood and canvas, painted to look like mundane rocks, ground and flora. A single wrong step upon its surface may lead to a lengthy and very crunchy fall to the planet’s core. It’s obvious that some force created this world as some sort of insane art project, but for what purpose? 49- A planet where every plant, animal and even the very earth had some form of venom or poison. It was very popular in Koronus for assassins. However, it was difficult to get to. The equatorial ring was the only place habitation could occur, any attempts to expand further into the jungles and forests of the planet lead to extreme casualties. Eventually a bunch of various manufactorums spread across the equator, however greed lead to war. To solve this issue, each manufactorum had a specific plot of land surrounded by a massive wall. They were separated from their neighbouring facilities by demilitarized zones. 50- An unstable planetoid whose atmosphere is held together by a supermassive core, resulting in a stable accretion disk of massive islands and chunks of rock and metal 51- The planet is full of vast deserts on one side of the planet and a massive ocean of salt water on the other no fresh water exists. All creatures hardy enough to live on this planet kill anything not part of their species on sight. 52- Two connected ideas: -The planet was once alive; both the planet itself and all live living on it were a linked hive-like intelligence. Unfortunately, this intelligent met a terrible fate. The planet's life network is now either... ...a ghost: the planet appears translucent on a visual scan. Attempts to land a craft on it result in the craft passing through the planet, and the aura of undeath surrounding the planet causes severe damage to any living crew as the planet attempts to consume their life energy. ...or... ...a zombie: the planet's flora and fauna appear necrotized and crave flesh. The planet emits eerie signals into space, luring organic beings to approach it and be consumed. 53- Oh, I’ve got a good one! The planet is under the control of a lovecraft monster. It seems like a generic medieval world, but nothing in it is real, and the longer you stay on the planet, the longer it becomes obvious. Mountains may end up becoming more numerous out of nowhere, the townsfolk begin to look and talk the same, and freak accidents start becoming much more occurent 54- Spatial rifts whip across the planet surface like knives. Being hit with a rift edge will slice anything into pieces and displace the pieces as far as 200m away, though most displacements are only 5m or less. 55- The entire surface is an acidic quicksand type of soup. This is even riskier because the surface churns so violently that tidal waves upto 5km high move chaotically at upto 250kph around the globe. 56- The planet is very young and still in the accretion phase so that thousands of massive asteroids impact the surface on many days. The atmosphere is highly toxic, filled with heavy metals, and radioactive isotopes. 57- The planet is within the blast wave of a supernova. 58- This was a ring world built by an advanced civilization over a Millenia ago. It is very broken. Pieces of the ring grind each other into asteroids continuously. 59- A planet with a surface made of clay that excretes acidic substances that dissolve all living matter into more clay. 60- A planet with an odd magnetic field that has caused large plates of sharp metal to become suspended in air. This same magnetic field is responsible for rushing winds that cause the plates to smash together, shredding anything in their path with deafening metallic ringing 61- Something living within the core of the planet releases psionic energy that drives the inhabitants mad 62- Poisonous mist hangs in the air, infecting wounds created by the needle sharp spines that cover the surface of this planet. 63- A planetoid made of diamond or precious metals that is caught within an asteroid field, causing the surface to be pelted nonstop by large chunks of space debris 64- An ocean planet where the ocean is made up of sulphuric acid due to volcanic activity in the depths. The acid is not strong enough to immediately dissolve you, it will take at least 10 minutes to get through your skin. But once it is through your skin, you will not last long... The ocean is also at least 1 km deep everywhere. 65- No oxygen in the atmosphere. 66- A dry, dusty planet that exists mostly of quicksand on the surface, though there are some rare oasis-like areas with a bit of water and plant life to stabilize the soil. 67- Cyanide-rich atmosphere. 68- A planet where carbon is scarce and the inhabiting lifeforms (mostly bacteria but also fast-growing fungi-like lifeforms) have a taste for it. 69- A planet with high radiation due to nuclear wars from past civilizations. There is life left, though heavily mutated and mostly sick. 70- A planet with high seismic activity; severe earthquakes and volcanic activity are prominent. 71- A planet with high wind speeds. The wind will blow away a full-sized orc at it's strongest. There are a few caves, which offer shelter from the wind, though the howling is insanely loud due to the corrosion it has caused on the landscape over the centuries. Long exposure to the howling wind will damage your ears severely, causing them to bleed after an hour and a half. Further expose will result in permanent deafness. 72- Hydrogen chloride-rich atmosphere (on contact with water or bodily fluids it will create highly concentrated hydrochloric acid. Eyes, nose and mouth will melt away first, and the rest follows soon after. 73- • This planet is a sentient gaseous giant although it has no voice to speak it attempts to communicate with other life forms by delving into their memories and bringing into existence the form of someone they were most attatched to, this more often that not is someone that the life form has lost and therefore drives the majority of life forms insane ( roughly adapted from the book solaris) 74- • A planet harsh and cold , the surface of which entirely covered in ice. Its ice storms blow so cold they can freeze objects/ships/lifeforms in seconds , deep beneath within the core is warm enough to support life . However through lack of food its inhabitants have devoured one another leaving only a large sea serpent within devouring parts of it's own tail in order to survive. 75- • an Orb of black obsidian this world makes a pass through its suns great solar flare once every 100 years.... some how it manages not to burn up and is instead supercooled creating a world of Black glass. 76- • a massive crystal imprisons a great titan. It is long dead but fiercely defended by a race that believe it to be a sleeping god 77- • a violently reactive newly formed world.. its plates shift so violently that it is almost constantly quaking. Its surface is hot and borderline molten and geothermal activity causes a constant spray of molten lava and ash into the upper atmosphere that is beginning to cool and harden, as it begins to seperate into 2 smaller bodies It resembles a mushroom cloud. 78- A planet with released clouds of experimental mind altering drugs. Since many of these were failed combat stimulants most increase aggression to extreme levels. 79- The planet was previously involved in a rebellion, one that failed with the most horrific outcome as the planet's surface was bombarded with nuclear detonations. All life that remains is grown underground in a complex of tunnels beneath the irradiated surface. People are not born, but rather grown in vats in bulk as tithe to those who won as tribute. Those who come from this world are very likely to join the bulwark of the current regime's army, and die whilst being trained in the harshest conditions possible. Those who make it beyond this grueling training regiment go on to usually die in service to the ruling faction's army, as an insignificant cog in the unstoppable, unending hordes of flesh that the ruling regime throws at its enemies. 80- The planet was host to a telepathic transmitter experiment. Unfortunately, the power is turned up so high that it literally fries the brain of anyone within high orbit of the planet. 81- An ancient precursor race built a machine on the planet that makes their thoughts into reality. They were destroyed by nightmares (made into reality) created by negative thoughts and emotions. The machines still function and will likely continue to function for millions of years. Credit: 1956 film "Forbidden Planet" 82- The planet is very placid and peaceful, but with no sapient life on it. The planet is so rich in natural resources that a pound of wood burns like 10 pounds of pure coal and its native animals’ meat is so nutritious it actually improves health. However, the planet is inhabited by hibernating superpredators that ruthlessly hunt down any foreign life form attempting to harvest its natural resources. They are completely immune to all forms of conventional weaponry. 83- The planet appears normal and Earthlike, however, there is no land-based animal life. Above the water, only plants and fungus live. This is because the planets star, which is normally quiet, is actually variable and goes nova ~ every 100 years, sterilizing the surface. Plants and fungus that regrow from their roots simply replace the dead tissue on the surface, and aquatic life is generally fine, but any colony established here is on a clock from day one. 84- A planet that is very rich in pure sodium on the surface. The atmosphere contains no oxygen. There are a few caves with bacterial ecosystems that are very rich in oxygen. However, should the oxygen ever reach the surface and come into contact with the sodium, the slightest spark will set it off and explode. This will cause a chain reaction by exposing other caves with oxygen. There are a few large (thousands of square kilometers) craters on the surface indicating this has happened before. 85- A planet inhabited by an intelligent species that will capture any alien lifeform to examine, usually with fatal consequences. 86- A planet that has near-constant thunderstorms, leaving no space for life to sprout other than underground. Life has adapted and can actually use the electricity as an energy source, but for earth(-like) life, the electrical currents in air will be lethal after a while. 87- A huge planet with gravity 5 times as strong as on earth. Only small plants and animals can survive (and bacteria and fungi-like lifeforms of course) 88- An icy planet that is warming up and the ice has started to melt. Ancient bacteria in the ice disrupt the water's eco-system and cause many species to die out. This world isn't immediately deadly, but it is a dying one. 89- A planet inhabited by robots who hate biolife as it used to treat them badly and slay any biolife that lands on their planet. 90- A planet involved in a violent interplanetary-wide war. Not as deadly as some planets, but not a very safe place to be for very long as there are no neutral countries and all sides commit regular war crimes 91- A planet that over a very long period of time spiraled inwards towards it's sun. The life either died or fled in starships. One half of the planet is a tide locked sea of lava and the other half is freezing ice. 92- The planet had been used as an insane asylum for the galactic governments for some time. It was practically a lone moon without a planet, massive complex buildings were erected on its surface, composed of only archways, staircases, compact cells (of course cells did vary for species), and small hallways. Using advanced technologies, a form of biological stasis fluid, that did not need changing, was administered to the ill. Essientally, the fluid kept the patients vitals stable and would repair any self inflicted wound and, in addition, rendered them relatively sedated, yet allowed them to remain conscious as the same time. The fluid was administered by a pack that would be inserted into the back and was wirelessly hooked onto a mainframe that insured each patients pack cycle the proper chemicals. Unfortunately, due to a malfunction in the mainframe (that is still being investigated to this day), the sedative chemicals that were adminstered and cycled by the pack one day began to be filtered out of the blood stream and back into the pack. While the body stasis and regenrative functions remained stable, the patients then fell back into their own respective delusions and conditions. This incident caused the deaths of almost all staff at the facility (of which there were few), mainly due to patient voilence. Since then, the facility has been abandoned and the only use its seen to date has been by corrupt governments dumping political prisoners on the surface of the planet. Currently there is a reward for the where'abouts of several political figures on the planet. There is also a incredibly large reward for anyone party that is able to repair the mainframe, located in the center basement of the planet's complex. 93- The planet is actually a pocket dimension controlled by what a thirteen year old author is writing on her newest Wattpad story. She’s going for a mixture of atomic horror and romance, and while the writing isn’t great the monsters are certainly awful. Also, random NPCs are constantly falling in love with the party. About half of them are obviously based on vampires and werewolves. 94- On #10, there exists one city that is built right on the border of night and day, all on top of a high-tech lazy Susan that slowly turns the city, maintaining an artificial night/day cycle. Life is a consistent struggle to maintain the rotation. Players will be rewarded if they go on a series of highly dangerous expeditions into the night/day sides of the planet in search of raw materials. 95- A planet that was once largely populated, until a strange ooze was birthed or created somehow with the ability to ingest any living matter and grow in size as a result. Over time, the ooze grew and grew until it became the size of a mountain, eventually gobbling up every other living organism on the planet. The ooze eventually died after running out of any organic matter to sustain itself, and it’s gargantuan amorphous corpse surrounds the entire planet, creating extremely interesting and unique landscapes. 96- A dry desert world with massive weather systems. Sandstorms the size of small continents constantly sweep across the world. Despite this, life survives on the planet, riding out the storms in armored shells, burrowing beneath the sands, or in extensive cave systems. 97- A metallic planet with a liquid interior. A current regularly cycles across the surface of the planet, causing anything on it to experience major electrical damage. 98- A planter that has two distinct magnetic fields on its poles alternating between attracting and repulsing each other at random times. Anything on it runs the risk of being flung into outer space or dragged into the rubble of the surface. 99- The planet's atmosphere contains a hive mind virus that quickly assimilates any visitors. 100- A species of practically indestructible predators methodically sweeps across the surface from west to east, consuming or killing almost every living thing. It takes them thousands of years to cross the ocean beds, but they scour the terrestrial surfaces within weeks. 101- The planet is an interstellar disposal grounds for radiation-contaminated material. 102- The planet periodically phases through into a dimension where life cannot exist, killing everything on it. 103- Rumors of a rift into a universe of Quantum Fatality. It's like the universe of Quantum Immortality, where every possible version of you that survives... survives - but opposite. The rumors of this rift somewhere in space are actually the spookiest part. No one is looking for it. Any real solid leads that definitely confirm or deny its existence remain behind, waiting to be read and understood, but they're covered in dust. Apparently, anyone who gets close to even consider going to find if the rift is real or not... some version of them actually goes there... and the nature of Quantum Fatality snuffs that person out of existence and all living versions of them out of existence, back into the rest of the universe backwards and forwards throughout all time. Then, we never even know they existed. But it's just a rumor. Right? 104- Planet is covered in millions of constantly firing machine guns. 105- Planet is covered in desiccant sand. Liquid is constantly being absorbed from the air, dehydrating anyone and anything in the atmosphere. 106- Planet vibrates at its core at a rapid rate. Anything remotely fragile is shaken to pieces in a short time. 107- The planet is a “Rogue Planet”. Whether it’s star burned out or the planet escaped it’s orbit, it’s sun is now missing. The entire planet is frozen over. 108- Everything on the surface of the planet has been turned into a giant desert due to the passing of gigantic robotic worms seeking to consume all metal they can find. Even the mountains have been worn away. (Credit to the movie Vexille). 109- The planet is a prison-planet that forces its residents into an infinite gladiatorial free-for-all 110- • The planet is trapped in a forever war between two robot armies. Their creators have long since died off but the war machines will continue to fight in their name until everything not on their side is eradicated 111- • The entire global population has converted into worshipping an eldritch trans-dimensional horror and turned the planet into an elaborate temple/ritual ground. The stars are aligning allowing terrible things to enter our dimension and are helping the cultists open a light years wide hole in reality to let their dark master through. 112- • Every landmass on this planet is in fact the back shell of colossal mega fauna swimming on the surface of the planets shallow acid ocean 113- • A tropical planet with shallow seas that seems pleasant at first glance. On this planet is a singular 'ultimate lifeform' that causes life to flourish around it. When it dies, all life on the planet descends into a blood crazed killing frenzy attacking anything that lives. When there is one final living creature it rapidly evolves into an entirely new ultimate life form to bring life back to the dead planet. 114- An unknown intelligence has begun to take over the minds of the creatures on the planet. This hivemind seems virulent making many authorities to consider strict planetary quarantine or eradication. 115- A planet that a hyper advanced alien species attempted to teleport across multiples solar systems, however this catastrophically failed, and now all foreign matter immediately phases through the planet and is lost in its internal maw. It is nearly impossible to know about this planets side-effect without one observing it themselves which leads to many seeking refuge or adventure to being lost in its maw, as the aliens who caused the said side-effect are too ashamed to inform the public.
Hello! I am currently in the process of pursuing a water environmental technology degree with two certifications of Water Collection and treatment and Water distribution and treatment. I currently work for a chemical plant as Plant Sewage Operator (with other chemical/ hazardous waste disposal) so this is kind of in my view. I make roughly 90K now but would love to have some back up on my resume later in the future. I was curious to see if anyone else had went this route while already being in “the field”. Would I have to do a internship if I basically am the internship? Thanks!
Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. Basic Laboratory Safety Rules III. Dress, Preparation, and PPE for Lab Work A. Basic Considerations B. PPE C. Lab Setup D. Behavior and Technique IV. Chemical Safety A. SDS B. Chemical Labeling C. Chemical Storage D. Bonding and Grounding E. Peroxide Forming Molecules and Shelf Lives V. Labware Safety A. Glassware B. Support C. Tubing D. Heat E. Electricity VI. Reaction Safety A. Fume Hoods B. Additional Tips VII. Emergency Procedures A. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations B. Fire Extinguishers C. Fire Blankets D. Spills E. First Aid VIII. Post-Procedure Protocols A. Personal Hygiene B. Facility Hygiene C. Waste Disposal IX. List of Edits ____________________________________________________________________________ I. Introduction: Chemistry is an extremely exciting endeavor; however, it can also be an exceedingly dangerous one. Professional chemists are disfigured, maimed, burned, and even killed every year. Clandestine chemists face even greater harm when they have a lack of knowledge, inadequate facilities, no established safety protocol, or a capricious attitude. If you want to be a productive bee, you will face untold hours of preparation. It will prove to be a worthwhile endeavor; however, it is not something to rush, and your chances of success are slim-to-none if you damage yourself, others, or your home/facility. The following document is very long and thorough. We won't pretend that bees are going to follow all of these recommendations, but I urge all baby bees to at least browse this document to become familiarize with the attitude of safety and some of the dangers of laboratory work. I am open to any and all recommendations, questions, and edits- this will be a working document. I wish you all luck in your exploration. Remember, however, that safety in the lab rarely comes down to luck- it is all about preparation, execution, and awareness of your surroundings. Safe travels, fellow bees! II. Basic Laboratory Safety Rules:
Never work alone, and alert others on the premises that you are about to conduct lab work. If you are blinded, set on fire, burnt, frightened, accidentally intoxicated, experience a health emergency, or are otherwise put in danger, you may be unable to remedy the situation alone, which could lead to death, permanent blindness, disfigurement, etc. Be sure that you and/or another has the ability to call 911.
Wear proper PPE at all times and avoid other hazardous dress (see the section on PPE below).
Always prepare for the worst!! Wear the PPE and take the precautions that will protect against the worst case scenario given the chemicals and processes you work with.
Never eat, drink, chew gum, or have any unnecessary items in the lab in case of contamination (of the items, self, or the experiment).
Keep the lab clean, sanitary, and organized.
Never allow walkways or exits to become obstructed.
Thoroughly study the SDS for each chemical you work with.
Have emergency procedures in place, including fire extinguishers, fire blankets, first aid, spill kits, emergency showers, and eyewash station.
Understand peroxide-forming chemicals, and evaluate shelf-lives of materials.
Bond and ground flammable and combustible fluids.
Use a fume hood.
Store and handle reagents properly.
Add acids and bases to water, never vice-versa.
Never look into the end of any glassware wherein a reaction is taking place.
III. Dress, Preparation, and PPE for Lab Work A. Basic Considerations: Before we apply PPE, there are some basic precautions that must be taken in terms of dress and personal hygiene. Do NOT:
Wear loose fitting clothing that may knock things over, catch fire, or soak up chemicals.
Wear jewelry for the above reasons. Metals in jewelry may also react with certain chemicals.
Unnecessarily expose any skin.
Wear contact lenses, unless full, non-ventilated goggles are also worn.
Do:
Maintain personal hygiene to avoid contamination.
Wear all proper PPE, especially gloves and goggles at all times.
Wash hands and change gloves as frequently as possible.
Wear closed-toe, thick, shoes.
Wear tight-fitting clothing that covers as much skin as possible- long sleeves, long pants, closed shirt, and lab coat.
B. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): The most obvious safety practice is the use of personal protective equipment. However, PPE is the last system of defense against chemical hazards. Practitioners should focus their efforts on the maintenance of a safe work environment, proper training, and the replacement of more with less dangerous chemicals where possible. We will classify PPE into three sections- eye, body, and respiratory protection. (note: larger labs and some rare reactions may also require hearing protection, light-restrictive eye protection, hard hats, and other forms of protection as necessary). Eye Protection: Chemical splash goggles Eye protection is not just to prevent impact, which is all that general safety goggles, with or without side shields, do. General safety goggles and eyeglasses offer limited protection against sprays, and do NOT prevent splash hazards, which may come from any angle or drip down one’s face into the eyes. Additionally, some chemical fumes are eye irritants. Bees should wear chemical splash goggles labeled with the code Z87.1, which denotes compliance with safety standards. The goggles must fit snugly against the face and remain on at all times. Suggestion: Chemical Splash/Impact Goggle.
Do not touch your eyes while in a lab.
Never wear contact lenses in a lab- some chemicals may react with them, and liquids may get trapped under them, exacerbating eye damage and reducing effectiveness of emergency eye washes.
Face shields that cover the entire face may be necessary for chemicals that are particularly corrosive, flammable, or explosive.
Body Protection: Long clothes that cover as much skin as possible is a must. This means closed shoes or boots, pants, long sleeves, a lab coat, and gloves. Tie back long hair. Change gloves and wash hands as often as possible, especially before leaving the lab. Recognize that touching things such as your phone with your gloves on may spread toxic chemicals.
Gloves: Keep a large amount of gloves on hand. This includes boxes of traditional nitrile/latex gloves, and at least one pair each of heat/cold resistant and thick-rubber, arm-length, corrosive-resistant gloves.
All gloves are permeable- even the proper glove will only protect for a period of time. Many chemicals will eventually work their way through them. It is imperative that gloves are changed and hands washed as often as possible.
If more than one type of hand protection is necessary, multi-hazard protective gloves are available; otherwise, gloves may be layered.
All used gloves should be considered hazardous. Throw them away in a safe place, and do not wear or carry them outside of the lab area.
2. Lab Coats: Multi-hazard protection lab coats are best, and should be both fire (FR) and chemical splash (CP) resistant. Most basic lab coats found online or in stores are not FCP. Proper coats are more expensive, but are absolutely worthwhile as they may prevent fire, chemical burns, and even death (research the UCLA tert-butyllithium incident). Here is an example of a proper lab coat: Lab Coat.
If you work with corrosive chemicals, a chemical splash apron, arm-length rubber gloves, and face shields may be necessary.
Keep lab coats in the lab area unless they are washed. They should be assumed to contain hazardous chemicals.
3. Respiratory Protection: Never smell chemicals or inhale their fumes. Use a fume hood when necessary and keep containers closed tightly. In case of a large chemical spill, evacuate immediately. Use a fume hood with any organic solvent, concentrated acids, and concentrated ammonia. Use respirators when working with fine powders or toxic fumes. C. Lab setup: Develop a thorough floor plan before equipping your lab. Priorities:
Ventilation- Air must flow from other areas of the facility or home to the lab area, and subsequently out of the building. Fume hoods must immediately direct airflow out of building.
Maximize open work space and visibility, and minimize obstruction throughout the work area.
Allow ample space between and within workstations.
Include ample lighting.
Include ample (excess) storage space that is separate from lab spaces where reactions take place.
Use OSHA approved acid, corrosive, and flammable storage cabinets.
Strategically place first aid, wash stations, spill control kits, fire extinguishers and blankets such that all are easily accessible in case of emergency, and such that an emergency itself (e.g. fire) will not obstruct access.
Doors should, preferably, hinge outward to promote prompt evacuation.
All wash stations must have a proper drain.
Large sinks are best, and there should be one per workstation.
All electrical and gas lines must be easily severable or closable.
Black epoxy resin surfaces are preferred.
Install and routinely check smoke detectors.
D. Behavior and Technique:
Keep a proper lab notebook that records all procedures.
Gather all needed glassware, labware, and chemicals before beginning an experiment.
Keep all equipment clean and dry when not in use.
Never add solvent to acids, bases, etc!! This could result in a violent reaction. All ways prepare the solvent first, and slowly add the acid or base to it.
Eliminate distractions.
Stay organized and keep the lab uncluttered.
Bond and ground when pouring flammable or combustible liquids.
Use the right tool for the job. Do not skimp or substitute glassware.
IV. Chemical Safety A. SDS: The first and most vital step to understand how to safely handle chemicals is thorough, proper, and regular review of Safety Data Sheets. It is recommended that physical copies of SDSs be kept for all chemicals in the laboratory. Safety Data Sheets can be found online as well, and should be reviewed each time a chemical is used, at least until one has extensive experience with that chemical. Safety and storage information should also be reviewed for any compounds synthesized, as well as any side products or impurities. The format of an SDS is an update to the traditional MSDS, and follows the guidelines prescribed by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) established in March 2012. A traditional MSDS is likely to contain all or most of the necessary information; however, SDS has the benefit of a strict and easy to follow format that includes the following 16 sections: Section 1—Identification: Chemical/product name, name and contact information of producer. Section 2—Hazard(s) Identification: All known hazards of the chemical and required label elements. The GHS identifies three hazard classes: health (toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, etc.), physical (corrosive, flammable, combustible, etc.), and environmental hazards. There are 16 types of physical hazards and 10 types of health hazards. Next to each listed hazard is a rank/category from 1-4, with 1 being the most severe level of hazard. Next are hazard pictograms, a signal word, and hazard (H) statements and precautionary (P) statements. Pictograms allow chemists to quickly understand the basic hazards of a chemical, and must be on the chemical label. What pictograms a chemical requires is quantitatively determined, and users should become familiar with them. 📷 There are two signal words- Danger!, and Warning!, the former being more serious than the latter. P and H statements list specifically hazardous situations and precautions that must be taken when handling the chemical. Section 3—Composition/Information on Ingredients Section 4—First-Aid Measures Section 5—Fire-Fighting Measures Section 6—Accidental Release Measures: What to do in case of accidental spill or release of chemicals, proper containment, and cleanup. Section 7—Handling and Storage Section 8—Exposure Controls/Personal Protection: Includes exposure limits. Section 9—Physical and Chemical Properties: appearance, odor, flashpoint, solubility, pH, evaporation rates, etc. Section 10—Stability and Reactivity: Chemical stability and possible hazardous reactions. Section 11—Toxicological Information: Routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or absorption contact), symptoms, acute and chronic effects, and numerical measures of toxicity. Sections 12-15 are optional, but include ecological information, disposal considerations, transportation information, and regulatory information. Section 16-- includes any additional information the producer may want to portray. B. Chemical Labeling: All chemicals should be labeled at all times to avoid hazard, confusion, and waste.
Containers that are being used in a procedure (beakers, flasks, wash bottles, etc.) may simply be labeled with a piece of scotch tape and a permanent marker.
Vessels that will be heated can be labeled with a heat-resistant paint marker.
Chemicals that will be stored (whether produced or purchased) should be labeled with at minimum the chemical name, date of production/purchase/opening, and safety concerns. Simple labels may be used for containers that are not in the manufacturer’s packaging.
C. Chemical Storage: General Reagents:
Keep storage spaces organized, clean, and uncluttered.
All chemicals should be stored properly whenever not in use.
Store bottles away from shelf edges, and/or have lipped shelves to prevent falls from, and contain spills on, shelves.
Keep seals tight.
Keep an inventory.
Always label chemicals properly, including the dates received and opened.
Bees may opt to cover glass containers in clear packing tape to reduce mess if a bottle is broken.
Store flammable and combustible liquids in a flammable cabinet. An old fridge is a good method of storage for bees. Never store food or drink in the same refrigerator.
Do not store liquids above solids.
Always store corrosive chemicals on spill trays.
Store odoriferous and toxic chemicals in ventilated cabinets.
Keep heavy containers on bottom shelves, and don’t store in high places or on the floor unless properly protected.
Acetone with- bromine, chlorine, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrogen peroxide (do not use acetone to clean receptacles that have had these chemicals in them!).
Iodine with- acetylene, ammonia, or hydrogen.
Water- keep all other chemicals away from water unless in solution. Especially avoid hydration of acetyl chloride, alkaline and alkaline earth metals, barium peroxide, carbides, chromic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorous pentoxide, sulfuric acid, or sulfur trioxide.
Nitric Acid with- acetone, acetic acid, alcohol, chromic acid, aniline, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, or any flammable substances (keep this in mind when cleaning with nitric acid).
Hydrogen Peroxide with- copper, chromium, iron, most metals or salts of metals, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, flammable liquids, ammonia, or oxidizing agents.
Zinc and sulfur.
Mercury with- acetylene, fulminic acid, or ammonia.
Compressed Gasses:
Keep cylinders of compressed gasses secured
Keep appropriate breathing apparati in the vicinity, but not immediately near the compressed gases in case of emergency.
Keep the valve cap secured unless in use or connected to a line.
Do not store flammable gases near oxidizers or combustible materials.
Do not allow a cylinder to empty completely.
Dispose of cylinders after ten years, or three in the case of corrosive and toxic chemicals.
Note: avoid working with gases when possible. Gas chemistry has many complications, is often unsafe, and produces poor yields and poor quality products. Bulk Storage Containers:
Carboys: These are great for general purpose, and storage of chemicals no longer in their original container. However, they are not ideal for transport or use with acids, caustics, flammable liquids, or corrosive substances.
Safety Cans: have spring loaded lids and flame arresters. They are good for fluids in volumes less than five gallons, are safe for transporting most chemicals, and can be had for around $80. Recommended Safety Can.
Drums: for bulk chemicals. They may weigh in excess of 800 lb (364 kg), and should only be moved with a drum dolly, not rolled or dragged. Drums may be made of steel or high-strength plastics.
D. Bonding and Grounding: “Class I Liquids should not be run or dispensed into a container unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected.” (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106(e)(6)(ii), ATEX directive, and NFPA UFC Div. VIII, Sec. 79.803a). An ungrounded static voltage (including from friction) may cause combustion of some fluids. Metal containers must be connected via a common grounding wire made of solid or braided wire, or welded connections, before fluid is poured between them. E. Peroxide-Forming Chemicals: A variety of common chemicals spontaneously form peroxide compounds under ordinary storage conditions due to reaction with oxygen. Peroxides are extraordinarily explosive, and can often be ignited by contact with heat, friction (incl. simply turning the cap of the container), and mechanical shock (incl. shaking, bumping, or dropping). Three classes of peroxide-forming chemicals are of particular interest, and are organized by the precautions that should be taken with unopened and opened containers. Class A Peroxide Formers: the most hazardous class. Unopened: discard or test for peroxides after 12 months or at manufacturer’s expiration date (whichever comes first). Opened: Test for peroxides quarterly. Common class A peroxide formers include: Butadiene (liquid monomer) Isopropyl ether Sodium amide (sodamide) Chloroprene (liquid monomer) Potassium amide Tetrafluoroethylene (liquid monomer) Divinyl acetylene Potassium metal Vinylidene chloride Class B Peroxide Formers: Unopened: discard or test for peroxides after 12 months or at manufacturer’s expiration date (whichever comes first). Opened: test for peroxide formation every 6 months. *Always test this class immediately before any distillation. Common Class B Peroxide Formers include: Acetal Cumene Diacetylene Methylacetylene 1-Phenylethanol Acetaldehyde Cyclohexanol Diethyl ether Methylcyclopentane 2-Phenylethanol Benzyl alcohol 2-Cychlohexen-1-ol Dioxanes MIBK 2-Propanol Benzaldehyde Cyclohexene Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) 2-Pentanol Tetrahydrofuran 2-Butanol Decahydronaphthalene Furan 4-Penten-1-ol Class C Peroxide Formers: Same precautions as Class B. Include: Acrylic acid Chloroprene Styrene Vinyl acetylene Vinyladiene chloride Acrylonitirile Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Vinyl chloride Butadiene Methyl methacrylate Vinyl acetate Vinyl pyridine *Without opening, immediately dispose of any peroxide-forming chemical with any crystalline formation. Be careful not to open, shake, heat, or drop. Testing Peroxide-Forming Chemicals: Peroxide test strips can be bought cheaply online, or various in-lab tests can be performed: One method is to combine the fluid with an equal volume (1-3mL) of acetic acid (AcOH). To this a few drops of a 5% KI solution are added, and a color change indicates the presence of peroxides. Another method adds a small amount of the fluid to be tested (~0.5mL) to ~1mL 10% KI solution and ~0.5mL dilute HCL. To this a few drops of starch indicator are added, and the presence of blue/blue-black color within a minute indicates the presence of peroxides. Fluids with a LOW (<30ppm) concentration of peroxides can often be deperoxidated via filtration through activated alumina, distillation (not for THF!), evaporation, or chromatography. V. Labware Safety A. Glassware:
Always inspect glassware for cracks, chips, or fractures before use. Discard any glassware that is even slightly damaged.
Use glassware for its intended purpose! Heat fluids in a round-bottom boiling flask whenever possible.
Store on a shelf away from the edge. Round-bottomed flasks should be set on cork or tin holders, or padded into a drawer.
Joint grease reduces stuck joints, and therefore breakage.
Always carry glassware with two hands. Do not hold beakers by their sides, or flasks by the neck.
Clean glassware after any procedure, and before as necessary.
B. Support:
Use the fewest amount of clamps such that all structures are firmly held.
Support all flasks with rings.
Assemble apparati from bottom up.
Assemble such that liquid always passes through the male joint. Never allow fluid to pass into the joint. This prevents both leaks and lubricant contamination.
Do not over tighten clamps. Clamps should be tightened the minimum amount that provides a secure frame.
C. Tubing:
Cut glass tubing by placing a single slit in the desired position, then breaking by pulling the edges toward you and pushing the joint out.
Bend glass tubing by heating until red, and pulling ends toward self to form desired angle.
Use lubricant to insert tubing into stoppers, and wear hand protection during assembly.
DO NOT force glass together or into anything. Use minimal pressure, lubricant, and a gentle twisting motion if necessary.
D. Heating:
Heating mantles and hot plates are preferred over bunsen burners in almost all situations. Never unnecessarily introduce a flame to your lab environment.
Avoid rapid temperature changes whenever possible. Borosilicate glass is made for more rapid temperature changes. Heat and cool glass slowly. Do not set hot glass on a cold tabletop or under cold water.
Never look into the mouth of a receptacle that is being heated, or point it towards the self or others.
Use heat resistant gloves and/or tongs to handle hot receptacles or products.
Cover oil baths so they don’t splatter, or use a sand bath in its stead.
Always use boiling chips for reflux and distillation!
E. Electricity:
Be aware of electrical hazards. Check wires periodically, and keep the lab environment dry and clean.
Use power strips to protect equipment.
VI. Reaction Safety A. Fume Hoods: Fume hoods are absolutely essential whenever flammability, toxicity, or accidental intoxication is a concern. That includes all organic solvents, concentrated acids, and concentrated ammonia, as well as any materials that are both volatile and toxic, corrosive, reactive, or intoxicating. The face velocity of a fume hood should be around 100 ft/min or 0.5 m/s. Keep these guidelines in mind when using a fume hood:
Regularly check that air flow is not blocked.
Keep the sash open as little as possible to promote air flow.
Keep all chemicals and glassware at least 6 inches away from the edge of the workspace.
Air should flow from the fume hood directly to the outdoors.
Unfortunately, bees often find that fume hoods are the most difficult apparatus to obtain and install in a private laboratory. Nonetheless, it is imperative that each lab includes one. This is especially important for bees, who often work in confined spaces that can quickly and easily fill with toxic, flammable, or intoxicating vapors. A proper fume hood may cost several thousand dollars. Fortunately, there are many online guides and videos that teach how to construct one for as little as a few hundred dollars. The builder must meticulously ensure that air flow is adequate and constant. The outtake must be properly filtered, and there must not be any leaks through which air can flow other than the space under the sash and the outtake. B. Additional Tips:
Avoid gas chemistry whenever possible. It is often dangerous, difficult, and produces poor quality products and low yields.
Avoid pressurized systems whenever possible. They also present special risks.
After working with potentially pyrophoric agents that may not interact well with water or oxygen, flush apparati with pressurized inert gas before cleaning.
Do not clean bromine contaminated glassware with acetone, which forms bromoacetone, a tear gas.
Always use deionized water- tap water contains interruptive ions such as Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Ca2+, as well as dissolved gasses.
VII. Emergency Procedures A. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations: If any hazardous chemical comes in contact with the body or eyes, the emergency shower or eye-wash station should be utilized immediately, with continued application for at least 15 minutes. The eyes should be held open for this entire process. Quality eye-wash stations can be purchased online for between 50 and several hundred US dollars. Bees who don’t have one installed are advised to purchase one. Some models can be attached directly to a sink faucet. An alternative, less effective, and minimal necessary precaution is bottled, eye-safe saline solution such as EyeSaline and Physician’s Care Eyewash Station, which can be purchased online for around $10 for a single bottle, and $30+ for kits. At least two bottles should be kept on hand in case both eyes are contaminated. Application of bottled solution to both eyes may require a partner, because the eyes must be held open to maximize effectiveness. For this, and other reasons (speed, difficulty/time of opening bottles vs. pushing a button, and water pressure) an actual eyewash station is in all ways preferred. Faucet-mounted eyewash stations such as the following are very affordable (US $59.95). Recommended Eyewash Station. Bees may not, however, have the space to install a safety shower. The home shower may be used in its stead; however, precaution must be taken to ensure it is easily accessible. The chemist should alert all others in the home/facility that they are working, and require that the door to the shower, and the path to it, be open at all times in case of emergency. B. Fire extinguishers:
Avoid working with flames whenever possible, especially when working with flammable solvents. Hot plates or heating mantles are preferable in almost all situations.
There are four classes of fires:
Class A- ordinary combustibles- wood, cloth, paper- can be extinguished with water, or general fire extinguishers. Class B- organic solvents, flammable liquids- chemical foam extinguishers (also work for class A and C). Class C- electrical equipment- chemical foam extinguishers. Class D- combustible metals such as aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
A dry chemical ABC extinguisher is usually adequate.
If you plan to work with combustible metals (not recommended unless necessary), make sure to have a class D dry chemical fire extinguisher. Other methods or classes of extinguishers will not put out a combustible metal fire. Note that class D fire extinguishers will not work for class A, B, or C fires.
Do not use a CO2 extinguisher- if it has to be used on the person it can cause frostbite and inhibit breathing.
C. Fire blankets: Used for small fires, or to put out a person who has caught fire (laying on ground, standing may cause the fire to move up the body to the head due to a chimney effect). D. Spills: Keep some vinegar or baking soda around to neutralize bases and acids, respectively. After acids and bases are neutralized, the chemical can be mopped up and placed in waste disposal. VIII. Post-Procedure Protocols A. Personal Hygiene: Wash hands, face, and all exposed skin after PPE has been removed to avoid recontamination by touching dirty clothes. Shower and change clothes once possible. B. Facility Hygiene: Clean all surfaces, glassware, and equipment before leaving the lab. Keep laboratory items in the lab, and personal items out of it. Chemicals may be transferred into the home through those items. Additionally, foreign objects have the potential to contaminate sterile laboratory environments. C. Waste Disposal: Waste disposal is one of the most important aspects of safety, image management, public relations, avoidance of fines or criminal charges, and environmental preservation.
Create a waste disposal plan before beginning a procedure or ordering a chemical.
Consult the SDS for all chemicals, individually or in a mixture.
Clearly label all containers, including waste.
Rinse out empty containers with an inert solvent several times before disposal.
Collect aqueous waste separately from organic solvent waste, and place solid waste in a labeled container for disposal. Flammable and toxic waste should be stored in a closed waste container in the fume hood until proper disposal is possible.
Non-hazardous waste may be disposed of in a landfill.
The Article “Management of Waste” found here states, “The best strategy for managing laboratory waste aims to maximize safety and minimize environmental impact, and considers these objectives from the time of purchase.” The article describes four tiers of waste management:
Pollution prevention and source reduction (green chemistry).
Reuse and redistribution of unwanted/surplus material (purchasing only what is needed).
Treatment, reclamation, and recycling of materials within the waste.
Disposal through incineration, treatment, or land burial. Additionally, use of solvent as fuel, or a fuel blender (the least desirable tier).
I hope this safety plan can save a few bees. I know there is a lot of information, but chemical safety is extremely important and multifaceted. Best of luck with your endeavors. Stay safe out there!
Albeit a week late, I want to share my 2021 portfolio for documentation purposes and for whoever is interested. I aimed to balance risk in this portfolio with some growth names and legacy plays. Down to brass tacks, I am putting my money in the highest quality companies (in my view) across a diverse set of industries I find attractive. Some of these names are overvalued in the short term. However, I have realized I am not in the business of beating Wall Street’s pricing, but would rather hold high-quality companies that I believe will grow faster that the market in the long term. In other words, I am totally fine paying a short-term premium for growth and quality. Below is a summary of the portfolio and big picture reasoning behind each investment. I'm definitely open to any feedback.
Company
Ticker
Entry Price
Exposure
ARK Genomic Revolution ETF
ARKG
$93.26
6.60%
CrowdStrike
CRWD
$211.82
11.78%
Disney
DIS
$181.18
10.53%
Enphase Energy
ENPH
$175.47
7.98%
Evolution Gaming Group
EVVTY
$101.02
12.77%
Facebook
FB
$273.16
11.05%
Redfin
RDFN
$68.63
10.41%
Teladoc
TDOC
$199.96
9.60%
Sea Ltd
SE
$199.05
14.09%
Waste Connections
WCN
$102.57
5.19%
ARK Genomic Revolution ETF (BATS: ARKG) - Invests in companies advancing genomics. The companies held in ARKG may develop, produce or enable: CRISPR, Targeted Therapeutics, Bioinformatics, Molecular Diagnostics, Stem Cells, Agricultural Biology.
Innovative industry. Since 2003 the cost to sequence a human genome has dropped from nearly $3bn to less than $1,000. ARK believes that as costs continue to drop, genomic sequencing will become a standard of care in oncology. It will introduce more science into healthcare decision making, enable personalized medicine, and accelerate drug discovery. ARK estimates that genomic sequencing revenues will grow 43% at an annual rate, from $3.5bn last year to $21bn in 2024.
Cathie Wood. She’s a beast stock picker. Out of all the ETFs she runs, her closest competitor trailed by 60%. Her worst ETF still doubled investors' money. Her strategy is to make investments into companies that she considers incredibly transformational and she has seen success doing it.
CrowdStrike (NASDAQ: CRWD) - Cybersecurity technology company that provides endpoint security, threat intelligence, and cyber attack response services.
Best in class technology. Remember about a week ago a bunch of Russian hackers breached SolarWinds? The same hackers also tried to hack CrowdSrike at the same time but were unsuccessful. I’ve wandered on to a bunch of cybersecurity forums, and the general consensus is CrowdStrike has developed the best cybersecurity solution by miles. CRWD is the undisputed leader in cybersecurity.
“Pick-and-shovel” investment into the world’s increasing digitization. Even in the absence of COVID, cybersecurity remains a key component of the world’s increasing digitization as cyberthreats have been an ongoing issue from the onset of the internet. In the last decade we have seen a bunch of hacks where companies have exposed sensitive customer information. It seems companies are just starting to realize the importance of cybersecurity.
Disney (NYSE: DIS) - Worldwide entertainment company that you all are probably familiar with.
Reopening trade. In 2019, parks generated 45% of total operating income for DIS. Full reopening and attendance in parks will be slow, but certainly benefit DIS when it happens. The company has been executing on several other segments in the meantime (i.e. streaming). It has proved competitive, increasing the margin of safety if parks take longer to reopen.
Fast-growing streaming division. DIS has proved agile as it successfully launched a streaming service, Disney+, that has already gained 86mn+ subscribers which was the company’s original 5 year target. This is promising as it shows management can adapt to rapidly changing technology trends.
Enphase Energy (NASDAQ: ENPH) - Designs and manufactures software-driven home energy solutions that span solar generation, home energy storage and web-based monitoring and control.
Shift to clean energy; ENPH emerging as market leader. Going into 2021, sentiments towards solar have been at an all time high. This trend is expected to continue, especially after the Georgia run-off results. Solar firms are expected to benefit from extended tax incentives on both the consumer and producer ends.
Technological advantage. ENPH has developed the industry leading solution and is rapidly taking market share from its primary competitor, SolarEdge. Pricing reflects this, but it's expected to continue. Among key competitors, Enphase has been one of the lowest cost producers. Its low-cost structure is a major contributing factor to its improving margins.
Evolution Gaming Group (OTC: EVVTY) - Swedish company that develops, produces, markets and licenses integrated B2B live casino solutions for gaming operators.
Early mover advantage. Evolution’s lack of competition enables it to rapidly grow in new markets and create a loyal customer base, with high switching costs. The company has effectively grown EBITA margins from 41.6% in 1Q18 to 64.8% in 3Q20. Margin expansion is expected to continue.
Massive untapped markets. Europe is estimated to be around $2.5bn (EVVTY has 50% market share), Asian market is ~15x the size of Europe (150% YoY growth for EVVTY in Asia). North America’s market is ~$210mn, a 42% increase YoY, with NJ and PA the only states currently operating (NY looks promising). Management thinks the US will be the largest in the long-term.
Undetected from Wall Street. Evolution has almost no analyst coverage in the US and very minimal coverage in Europe, presenting opportunity for additional growth as institutional money managers recognize this opportunity and draw attention to the stock. Additionally, Evolution has a founder-led management team that is highly aligned with shareholders (mgmt owns over 30% of the stock).
Facebook (NASDAQ: FB) - Enables people to connect through devices. It’s products include Facebook, Instagram, Messenger, WhatsApp and Oculus.
Zuck. It’s not a question of who is the next Jobs/Bezos/Gates/Zuck, because Zuck is super young. He has a history of being able to execute: IG acquisition / transition from desktop to mobile / denying multiple acquisition opportunities in his twenties.
Undervalued. FB is the cheapest among the FAANG stocks, yet has some of the highest growth rates. This is mainly because of its continuous political scandals. With Trump out of office, I think FB has a chance to stay out of trouble and start to realize higher multiples. The antitrust lawsuit is not a threat imo, it is actually an opportunity. If the govt forces FB to break up, we would get shares in the spin-offs, which would be valued at a higher multiple than FB. For example, if Instagram spun off from FB and traded at the same multiple as SNAP, Instagram’s market cap would be larger than FB’s.
Digitization of Real Estate (i.e. “iBuying”). Technology in RE is moving from being informational to transactional. Redfin’s iBuying service is dubbed “RedfinNow.” The service basically buys homes from sellers looking for a quick and convenient sale (close deals within 10-30 days). This segment isn’t profitable yet as it is just getting started, but promising as the management adapts to technology trends.
Inter-US Migration and housing outlook. People are moving out of the cities because of COVID / trying to avoid taxes / etc. which increases demand for Redfin’s services. With interest rates extremely low (and no expectation for them to increase), homebuying demand should continue to grow.
RDFN most attractively valued compared to Z and OPEN, with the most upside potential given its market cap ~$7bn. Some are predicting RDFN might start offering rental services as well. RDFN has the best LT margin potential.
Teladoc Health (NYSE: TDOC) - Provides virtual healthcare services on a B2B basis to its clients and provides services to consumers directly and through channel partners.
Competitive positioning in industry ripe for disruption. Healthcare is a huge market yet to be significantly disrupted. COVID has accelerated this disruption. Providers who were once opposed to telemedicine now realize its benefits and several regulatory changes are promising for telemedicines growth potential. Medicare and other government-sponsored coverage is expected to include telemedicine benefits, increasing TDOC’s TAM.
Livongo acquisition. From the consumer POV, this will increase access to healthcare at a lower cost. Teladoc will have access to a larger amount of data it can interpret to refine its services and monetization strategies.
Sea Ltd (NYSE: SE) - Digital entertainment, electronic commerce, and digital financial services. The Company operates three business segments: Garena, Shopee, and SeaMonkey. The Company’s digital entertainment business, Garena, is a global game developer and publisher with a presence in Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and Latin America. Garena provides access to mobile and personal computer online games. Shopee provides users with a shopping environment that is supported by integrated payment, logistics, fulfillment, and other value-added services. SeaMonkey business is a digital financial services provider. SeaMonkey offers e-wallet services, payment processing, credit related digital financial offerings, and other financial products.
Diversified consumer internet company with market-leading position. Sea caters to Southeast Asia and Taiwan, providing its online gaming, e-commerce, and payment platforms. Shopee has overtaken competitors, it is widening its market share lead. ESports is a rapidly growing market (15.7% YoY to $1.1bn in 2020) and Sea is outpacing market growth.
Pay for quality. The best companies keep going up for years in a row, and I think Sea is in the early stages of being classified as such a company. It’s worth $100bn but has effectively proved its ability to identify opportunities and expand business lines.
Still early stages of developing its consumer banking business, so we get the security of a bigger, established company with upside for an additional, lucrative business line such as fintech.
Waste Connections Inc. (NYSE: WCN) - Waste services company that provides non-hazardous waste collection, transfer, disposal and recycling services.
Recession resilient; re-opening trade. The waste management industry is recession resilient, it will always be around.
Non-hazardous waste collection. With a progressive government likely to push climate initiatives, recycling and non-hazardous waste collection are likely to benefit on the back end.
WCN has a large moat; there isn’t much of a competitive threat the way the industry operates. Management’s strategy is to generally only spend what FCF is available. This enables the company to make acquisitions while handling its debt load. Great for stable growth.
P.S. I have two other accounts - one with about 40 growth stocks and another with about 10 big names / ETFs. However, this portfolio has the largest allocation for 2021. My first time trying a more concentrated approach.
Complete Information about Green Ship Recycling Process
There are many ship demolition cash buyers who encourage and support the demand is the vessel owner for the sale of the ships to the yard which compiles green ship recycling. https://preview.redd.it/dieufyjo9ag61.jpg?width=843&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=e48d2adfae7f49dd50d37295172983c1b8e12e7c Green recycling is- · Disposal of hazardous materials namely- TBT, asbestos, PCB’s in an appropriate manner and by the skilled team. Always reliable and skilled cash buyers of the ship would found maintaining the site of several hectares for collecting, transporting, receiving, storing, disposing off by landfill or other necessitated treatments. · Maintenance of inventor of hazardous materials where all the harmful materials and their location of board is listed · Detailed documentation of the vessel dismantling process followed by the ship breaker to be accounted for each vessel There are many good reasons which have resulted in making the concept of green ship recycling widely popular and meaningful. The most relevant ones are here- · Isolate all the parts of the vessel that are dangerous and harmful to human as well as marine lives. · Conserve marine ecosystem by discarding the vessel breaking waste · Reusing the parts of the vessel that are crucial and can be re-used successfully while making new ones thus ensuring resource-saving · Helps the owner of the ship to be benefitted from the process of optimum use of the ship part. All the valuable parts of the vessels are reused inclusive of steel, aluminum, brass, silver, etc. Since the primary part of a vessel’s weight is in steel, the steel morsel from the ship is converted into rods and bars for various other uses. In addition to the metal which can be recycled, there are many toxic components in the vessel. All these dangerous substances include asbestos, mercury, lead and oil sludge, and so on. The inefficient ship breaking technique particularly those carried out on beaches than the dry-dock ship recycles facilities, allowing those toxic and dangerous waste to be disposed of precariously. Green ship recycling carries huge responsibility of saving our surroundings. The chief harmful material safely disposed off with the help of the vessel recycling process is asbestos. Any informational source about it will tell you that it’s been banned from use in the vessel for a long time. A ship in which it is used is to be recycled. Continuous asbestos exposure causes problems to marine life but also the people overseas on the ships. The green recycling centers with dry rock facilities capture harmful waste and dispose of it without letting flow in any other direction. Many labs are outfitted that the success rate has become 99% for harmful materials. In addition to surrounding safeguarding recycling center offers more jobs.
Core - Tyrant World - High Seat of Septius Shirley Goes to the Dance The dance was magical. Truly. No expense was spared. Everyone was there. Humans. Filthy Crimmies. Private Adams. Shirley. The third wheel Lieutenant Duncan Mazer. The festivities got off with a bang as Private Adams turned the corner, Shirley leading the way. Adams was prepared for the onslaught, and he hunkered down behind his shield, absorbing the thuds and concussive blasts as he slowly pushed forward. With each impact, the backside of the shield, where the grip and runes were housed, flared blue and then dimmed, growing duller. Eventually, the shield would run out of mana and Shirley would just be a hunk of metal, but for now she was the prettiest girl at the dance and she exuded a beautiful glow as her intertial dampening field caught the bullets as they whizzed toward them. Duncan was an awkward observer to the magnificent duet playing out in front of him as he slunk along in the Tank's shadow, his orb clutched in his right hand. He was doing his part, the abyss was stormy cloud of greys and black as he caught the spells flung down the hallway in his absorption aura. He couldn't stop the inbound tech, that was Shirley's responsibility, but he could stop anything with a lick of mana that didn't originate from one of his own. Not that the Crimmie spellthrowers didn't try. They threw everything at them, the baby, the bathwater and the kitchen sink. Both sides knew the best spot to stop the Dragons was at the bottleneck leading into the room. From behind Shirley, Duncan couldn't tell who was throwing what spells or what they were, but the rapidly heating orb in his hand told him he was doing God's work. Adams was doing the Tank slide-step shuffle, grunting as he pushed Shirley along the ground against some unseen obstruction. He pushed against the obstruction, and was unable to make progress. Adams determined that this was the opportune time to begin a song to encourage his dance partner.
I knew a lass named Shirley.Her steel was shiny and pearly.And she liked 'er men burly.So I said I'm the lad...and...erm...
Adams paused, both in his song and slammed against the obstruction again. "Shit, I forgot the rest. Something about a lad sure...or the strap--" He growled, slamming his shield forward, trying to make progress. "Asshole made me lose my tune. Whole dance is gonna be ruined now." The growl grew to a snarl and he hunkered lower and gathered himself. His runesteel armor flared a brilliant azure for a moment and then he exploded forward, sending whatever obstruction was in his way flying. A moment later, and he stepped out into the room beyond. "SURELY!" Duncan belted out. Private Adams would likely need psychological evaluation in the near future. Unfortunately, most of the Dragons were certifiable. It was part of their charm. Upon breaching the barrier and reaching the room beyond, the frenzy started. Fire, bullets, shit and mayhem was coming from every direction now. Shirley's protection was holding, but she was working harder to project her inertial field to protect from the increased angles of attack. She was still a pretty thing, but her alluring glow was getting dimmer by the second. Duncan wasn't faring much better. The orb was getting hot to the touch, with black streaks beginning to form in his hand and creep up his wrist. He a ways to go before a melt and a heart attack, but he was on his way. "Let's go!" Duncan hollered, motioning forward with his other hand. The call was answered with a loud "Whoooo-OOOOF," as three shouting Tanks lumbered in behind Duncan and into the room, sliding their shields along the ground in front of them. They fanned out, leaving physical gaps between their tower shields but made sure that their inertial dampening fields overlapped to reduce the strain on any particular shield. Private Adams took a slight step back, letting the other shield takes more of the brunt of the assault -- it wasn't fair that Shirley be the only gal who got a spin on the dance floor after all. Duncan used the opportunity to peek between them to try and get a sense of what they were up against. Duncan couldn't see all of the Crimmies in one go, but he did get an eye on two groups of them. His immediately assessment was that they were ugly as fuck. His second was that this was the toughest knot of Crimmies yet. The two groups he did see were arranged similarly to what he had seen before -- one spellthrower with a few non-magic minions clustered around as support. The two different breeds were easy enough to tell apart from appearance alone. The techies were huge, monstrous assholes with chitin and fangs or whatever else best suited their particular brand of fuckery. Some were tall, upwards of ten feet. Some were fat. Some stood in front and took punishment while others stood to the side and fired guns and others sat further back and shat giant globs of acid. If Corps Intel hadn't assured them the Crimmies were all from the same family tree, Duncan would have sworn there were twenty or thirty species and they all just got together and painted themselves the same shade of dog dick red before a fight. Spellthrowers were a simple scout just because they were always floating around on their lily pads -- little contraptions that looked like a suspended cushion with a few tendrils hanging down. That's right, the alien mana vomiters rode a baby carriage into battle. Made sense too, because they were puny, wasted things all crumpled and curled up on themselves. The Brains back in command said it was because they were full bore mana conduits. They suffered from body cannibalization worse than the Human Wizards did, but had the raw power output to make up for it. Which Duncan was currently the recipient of. Now that he had a line-of-sight, he could see the flashes and explosions as the spells hit his absorption field. He'd hate to be out there right now, trying to duke it out like the zero Null platoons had to. It was only a quick glance between the shields, but it was enough for Duncan to see the two baby buggies and their cronies on the far end. Both groups had the chitin grunts in front, their massive overgrown blobs covered in homegrown armor that gave even the Gunners' piercing rounds a helluva time. The chitin blobs were flanked by two shooter variants each. One looked like a plasma belcher, the other looked like it was slinging standard ballistics. Both groups were pretty typical, but what was unusual was that they were in here together with two other groups. The spellthrowers didn't seem to like to be around each other, so having four of them in one place raising hell was a change of pace. It also explained why Duncan's hand was beginning to sizzle. He was top-rated Null, but you could only soak so much before an overload. He could feel the black death making its way up his bicep now. Thankfully, the load lightened considerably once the two other Nulls, both Privates, filed in behind the Gunners and extended their own absorption fields. Breaching the room and setting up had only taken a few seconds, but the intensity made every second count. They'd managed to get about twenty of the platoon in the room and behind the shields, but there wasn't enough space and shield coverage to bring in more. Still, it was enough to get the action started and they could rotate if mana ran low. Time to return the welcome. This was where the training kicked in. The four tanks, hunched over in front, prepared to pulse the inertial fields of their tower shields. Sergeant Idris Eze, the leader of the Tank team, linked control over the inertial fields and drew it into himself, his runesteel armor flaring brightly. "THREE! TWO! ONE! HAAA!" He screamed. In addition to his voice, a warning symbol appeared in the HUDs of all of the troops in the platoon, warning them of the impending action. Simultaneously, the intertial fields withdrew into the shields, leaving the gaps between the physical barriers unprotected. The gaps were immediately filled with a torrent of fire from the fifteen Gunners positioned behind. Those fifteen were arranged into firing teams of three, each with a designated target among the Crimmies ahead. The coordination would be handled via the team uplink embedded into their armor HUDs and under the command of Staff Sergeant Lundgrin who would select the targets, one of the happy benefits of being the leader of the Gunner squad. Duncan remained behind the shield, not hazarding a glance through the gaps until the intertial shields were replaced. Stay bullets happened and he would rather keep his head in tact for the time being. Instead, he listened to the sweet melody of bolters laying waste to the enemy, the satisfying sizzling build up followed by the THUMP discharge. Occasionally, a bolter would emit a higher, whining sound, an indication that the Gunner was funneling mana into the shot to give it greater penetrating power. Zzzzzz-SHEEWWW. The piercers drained the cartridges a lot faster, but they were the only thing that had the stopping power for the chitin goons. Well, the Mageblades would be able to saw through them all right, but that'd only matter if things got up close and personal. He wasn't about to have them charge the space between just to get a few more notches on their belts, not matter how much they might grumble. "HOLLLL-UP!" Sergeant Eze yelled out. The bolter fire ceased immediately, and the intertial shields flared outward again. The brief intermission allowed the Staff Sergeant to survey the damage and assign new targets while the Gunners reloaded if necessary and re-positioned. Duncan found the entire affair deeply satisfying, and there was something darkly humorous that tactics lifted from the ancient Greeks should find their home in galaxy far far away. A tactical readout popped up in his heads up display. The first volley had killed four techies. All ranged attackers. The blobs were still on their feet, but the chitin was smoking. It was good progress, but they were running low on orb time. "Orb is getting saturated. Need to discharge. Get some disruption in if there's an open angle on one of the depleted Crimmie groups after the next volley," Duncan ordered on the open channel. Normally he'd try to keep the noise pollution down, but if the Phasers were going in, he wanted everyone to know about it. This was going to be a zero casualty trip. There was no room for mistakes. Mistakes cost lives, and all of the Dragons had seen it happen. Duncan pushed that dangerous line of thought aside and refocused on the task at hand. "THREE! TWO! ONE! HAAA!" Came Sergeant Eze. Zzzzzz-THUNK. Zzzzzz-THUNK. Zzzzzz-SHEEWWW. Zzzzzz-THUNK. Came the response. "HOLLLL-UP!" One group of Crimmies was down to the baby carriage and a blob. The others still had cronies standing. Duncan flipped to the Phaser team's channel. "Buggy 1. Isolate, incapacitate, cover. GO!" said Sergeant Sarang Park. Duncan glanced down the hallway leading back to their resting spot prior to the battle just in time to see three bodies flicker and then disappear. Moments later, three large booms sounded out as the Phasers unleashed the concussive blasts stored in their blast gloves followed by a baby carriage flying across the room, richocheting off the ceiling before settling on its side, the tendrils lashing about erratically. Duncan held his breath. None of the Phasers were double-jumpers, not yet at least. They'd be out in the open for at least ten seconds before they could jump back. There had been some outcroppings they might be able to duck behind on the other side of the room, but it depended on where they phased in. Seconds later, all three re-appeared, though Private Volga collapsed almost immediately, his left leg spurting blood from the thigh. Duncan exhaled a curse and then turned back to the action ahead. They had a Wizard with a few heal glyphs stored up, but Volga would be on his ass for the rest of the mission. Suddenly, the Tanks were slammed back, losing a few feet but not their footing. Looming above them were two of the enormous blobs, their giant red bodies pressed against the face of the shields. One blob swept bulbous tentacles growing out of its midsection around the farthest left Tank, a Private named Robert Lincoln, the suckers on the inside affixing themselves to the tower shield as it began to shake back and forth violently. The Tank held on to the tower shield, but was lifted off of his feet. He jerked back, trying to dislodge his shield, but removed from the ground he didn't have the leverage. Razor sharp chitin spikes tried to jab around the sides of the tower shield, trying to impale the Tank in mid air. "Let it go," Sergeant Eze yelled out. "It's mine," Private Lincoln screamed. The relationship between a Tank and their shield was not a simple one, as Private Adams and Shirley so aptly demonstrated, and they were not easily parted. The intimacy of the relationship was reinforced by the unspoken rule among Tanks that they should never, ever lose their shield. It was a religion with a single rule. Dishonor. Shame. Blasphemy. It was taken very seriously. Too seriously. A chitin spike swept around behind Private Lincoln and pinned him against his shield. A second spike quickly followed, using the leverage provided by the pin to exert pressure against Lincoln's juggernaut suit. It flared blue at the point of contact, reinforcing the structure with mana. For a moment, Duncan thought it might just be enough. But it wasn't. The suit flared and then extinguished as the spike broke through, impaling Lincoln through the midsection as he called out weakly. He flailed a few moments, thrashing in the pin, impaling himself further before he slumped forward, his hands still intertwined with the handle of his shield. The Gunner poured fire into the belly of the beast, but the chitin held as the blob discarded Lincoln and began to move in on the exposed flank. The Gunners tried to pull back, but there wasn't any room to navigate, they could either be smashed against the wall, sidle in to their corpsmen or dive out of the way and beyond the shield wall. Chaos erupted as the six exposed Gunners each chose a different solution. Two dove to the left, three remained where they were, pulling the trigger and piling as much mana as they could into every shot, and the sixth dove toward the hallway leading back, colliding with Duncan in the process. Duncan was thrown off his feet, only just retaining hold of his orb but losing concentration. He could feel his absorption field blink out. He tried to push the out from under the scrambling Gunner, but was suddenly forced back down as a chitin spike slammed through the Gunner's throat and into his shoulder. His magescale provided little protection against the assault and quickly gave way. Pain flooded Duncan's senses as he lay there helpless. Through the agony, he broadcast on the general comm. "MAGEBLA-- The chitin spike was severed before he could finish the word. --DES!" He pushed the fallen Gunner to his side, clearing his field of vision in time to see a Private and a Sergeant showing everyone how to truly dance. They duck and they dove around the flailing tentacles, arms, spikes and everything else the blob could swing at them, slashing and stabbing as they went. One held two short swords, Private First Class Brynhildur Gunnardóttir, who went by Bryn to save everyone the trouble. The other, Sergeant Behnam Ardehi, wielded a single scimitar. Both had their own distinct styles, with Ardehi favoring long slashing strokes to disable appendages while Bryn focused on more surgical stabs between the gaps in the chitin. Their runed blades surged with various types of effects depending on the wielder and what was required. When Sergeant Ardehi's blade locked with the chitin, it would suddenly vibrate intensely along the blade, creating a sawing effect on that would allow Ardehi to cleave chunks of carapace off of the blob, leaving Bryn with more weaknesses to attack. Bryn would make good on those openings, jabbing her blade inward and pushing pulses of concussive force through the tip of the blade whenever one of them found a soft spot, creating great oozing wounds. The blob entered a frenzy, furiously trying to lash out at the Mageblades while chirping in the Crimmies lilting birdlike language. The disjointed flurry only worsened the blob's prospects, and Bryn eventually managed to explode something the Crimmie truly needed. It slumped over, dead. In the interim, the others had begun to reassemble themselves. The two Gunners that had dived outside of the shield wall were down. The three that had remained and fired had managed to survive until the Mageblades had arrived. The remaining tanks had locked arms and formed a convex wall against the other blob, which was trying to use the same tactics its deceased partner had used. A third and fourth Mageblade were hacking away on the sides, preventing the tentacles from gaining purchase on the shields while the Gunners poured bolty death on the shielded cranium peeking above the shield wall. The black death had receded back into Duncan's forearm. He tapped the secondary mana storage in his magescale and felt the infusion of mana kick his adrenaline and dopamine up a few notches. He gasped slightly and then focused his attention back on his absorption field, it sprung to life just the the two Privates began to falter. He flipped to the Null channel, "Take a break, I just juiced. Can hold for a few." The pain in his shoulder was subsiding. He didn't have the rejuvenation of the Tanks, but mana could cover up for a lot while you were riding the high. The other two Nulls maintained their fields, but they repositioned them behind his own, letting Duncan take the heat from the remaining three Crimmie spellthrowers. Status readouts splurted by in the corner of his HUD, giving him a quick overview of the current status. Three dead. Six injured. Eight Crimmies still in action from the original fourteen. Not good. Fucking disaster more like it. There were going to have to spend some non-renewable resources. Holding the Wizards back had been a mistake. "Let's go offense. I want to see shield drains on the solo buggy. Buggy four. Coordinate with the Phasers. Get it done," Duncan ordered. If they got the Crimmies down to two spellthrowers, they should be able to orb the rest of the way and clean up, particularly with the blobs down. Still, it was going to cost them. Duncan should have known this mission was going to be a shitshow. Command kept limit testing the Crimmies and the Dragons, and it was costing lives. They'd done so much winning that they just assumed it'd keep going quick and easy. Mana fluents weren't common enough to be wasteful, and this shit was garbage disposal. A boom sounded out. This time, the carriage was flung against the ceiling and immediately exploded into a tangle of wreckage and red pulp rather than ricochet about. That was the benefit of taking out the spellthrower's shield before a Phaser blast, but shield drains were precious commodities. The glyph was uncommon, took significant time and bodily resources to regenerate and wasn't recoverable like a Sanctuary spell. But it was worth it if it saved them another death. Duncan could feel the tide turning now. The black steaks had slowed to a creep up his arm, and the orb was hot but not burning. The Tanks were shuffling forward as the Gunners triangulated their fire on the remaining techies still standing, trying to clear the way so the Phasers could get in and blast the buggies without interference. The Mageblades had retired back into the hallway, dragging wounded to the back lines so the Wizards could heal without exposure. Another boom sounded out. Duncan didn't see the baby go bouncing, but the HUD ticked down one buggy. Seconds later, another boom. The HUD read zero Crimmies. They'd won. And they'd lost. Duncan opened up the general channel, "Clear the techie bodies and get a Sanctuary down, ASAP. Prep shift walls, but keep the way open for the time being. I don't know whether we want to be coming or going yet. Sergeants, I've got the real time updates, but I want details. Tell me where each of the teams are at. We've got folks down, but there's still a mission here." Duncan surveyed the room, taking in the aftermath. Crimmie corpses were strewn everywhere, the stench of them heavy in the air. His good cheer was gone. He'd been overconfident. They were in uncharted territory and what they didn't know had come up and punched them in the throat. He walked over to one of the chitin blobs and gazed down at the corpse. Where the fuck had the tentacles come from? He nudged the body with his foot, pushing the thick tentacle out of the way to reveal the suckers lining the inside. They'd gone against blobs before, but nothing like this. Normally they hung back and soaked. When they got close, they came in with spikes, not tentacles. Didi came up beside him, also staring down at the corpse. "That's new." "Mmm," Duncan replied. "Think it's actually new?" She asked. "Maybe. That'd be a fast adaption. Can't rule it out though." Duncan slid the now clear orb back into the holster on the inside of his right wrist and then shook his hand in the air, letting his palm air out. "Can't believe they fucking broke a Null Tank combo." "It was a perfect setup." "Cocky." "Would have been fine if Lincoln had let the shield go, we--" "Don't put it on one guy. We were all here. We all could have done something different. Done something better. He fucked up, but we weren't perfect," Duncan said. "There will be a lot of video to review." Duncan didn't see the point in raising the Gunner who took him down, they could address the lapse later. What was important was that fingers didn't start pointing back and forth. Not while they were still out on mission. "Yes, Sir." Didi paused, "We still heading down?" "Don't see an alternative. Gotta find out what's putting out that much mana and no one else is gonna get even as far as we have." They'd lost people, but they were still operational and lethal. Extraction wasn't an option. Best to push forward and do what they could to maximize the odds. Duncan pointed over at one of the buggies, "Have the babies drug to Hazel and drained. Then heal up, restock and let's get back on the road. Even in Sanctuary, we're burning time." "Yes, Sir." Didi saluted and then headed over to a group of Gunners. After a few animated gestures, they began to move toward the buggies and extract the Crimmie spellthrowers so Hazel can draw the mana out of them and distill it down. Given the state of affairs, more mana was more. After the techies had been cleared, a golden hue sprang to life in the room. The pain in his shoulder dulled and the trickle of blood subsided. He released the residual mana in his system and braced himself for the crash. Sanctuary reduced the effect, but it made the pounding headache barely manageable. He'd pushed his threshold in the first, tapping the secondary to push through. Even with his enhanced tolerance, he was flirting with disaster. Last thing the Dragons needed was burnout for a Lieutenant. He closed his eyes, letting Sanctuary wash over him and settle his mind before turning to the next task. There wasn't a chance it would get any easier, but a few moments to get his shit together might give him the strength to carry it out with the professionalism the fallen deserved. Slowly, he opened his eyes and then turned toward the three bodies of the fallen Dragons, who had been laid out to the side of the room and given a respectful distance from the other activities. Duncan walked over to the three, looking from the enormous frame of the Tank, Private Lincoln, to the two Gunners, including the one who had fallen on top of him during the fight with the blob. Duncan knelt down beside Lincoln, his hand on the Tank's chest. He pulled the ID Chip around his neck and then inserted it into his own armor. A small HUD prompt appeared. [Would you like to deliver last rites to Private Robert Lincoln?] "Confirm last rites." [This is a permanent action and will result in the destruction of the soldier's body and associated equipment. Confirm?] They couldn't leave the bodies behind, and they were too large to carry with them. No one wanted this outcome, but it was a part of being in the Rune Corps. Fluents and their equipment were the property of the government and they didn't want that property in anyone else's hands. "You did your duty." Duncan thumped Lincoln's chest once and nodded toward the shield leaning against his large frame, his hand still wrapped around the handle. "And you held on to the fucking end." He paused, as if waiting for a response. When none arrived, he whispered, "Confirm." The runes on the armor and shield flared and then began to melt. Within a few seconds, all that remained of Private Robert Lincoln was a few wisps of ash. Duncan exhaled a long, miserable sigh. Two to go. And a mission to complete. --------- Participate: The Nest Thrives on your feedback -- upvotes, comments, criticisms -- all of it helps determine glob formulation. Demand MOAR if you'd like to see MOAR. Contribute: We now have a Platreon for glob consumers that are in a position to contribute to the Nest's development. Nifty flair. The Wordsmith serial. Tasteful platypus art. Subscribe: Click this link or reply with SubscribeMe! to get notified of updates to THE PLATYPUS NEST.
Another form of hazardous waste recycling is to use the material as a “constituting disposal.” This is a process that involves directly putting the waste product on another kind of material. For example, leftover materials from the process of refining petroleum can be added as an ingredient to asphalt in road construction. Disposal. At the end of the process, we handle the disposal of all hazardous materials. We are OSHA trained, so you can trust that we know how to handle waste safely and dispose of it correctly. What Our Company Does. Our experience with waste disposal began in 1987, and we have worked with every type of waste and disposal process. So you can One option for the disposal of liquid hazardous waste is deep-well injection, a procedure that involves pumping liquid waste through a steel casing into a porous layer of limestone or sandstone. High pressures are applied to force the liquid into the pores and fissures of the rock, where it is to be permanently stored. Treatment is the process of changing the character or composition of hazardous wastes. This is through the use of various means, including incineration or oxidation. Some treatment processes allow further recycling where waste can be recovered and reused. Other treatment processes have the goal of significantly reducing the weight and volume of hazardous waste as in the case of incineration Hazardous waste is regulated under a "cradle to grave" concept, meaning that the waste is tracked via written records from the time it becomes a waste, and that ownership remains with the generator forever. Therefore, the best method to reduce the risk of future remediation costs is to reduce the amount of hazardous waste generated. It is essential to consider the amounts and types of wastes Hazardous Waste Disposal Procedures 3 Corrosivity Aaste is corrosive (and is identified by the hazardous waste number w D002) if a representative sample of the waste has either of the following properties: • It is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 12.5. The cornerstone of a successful hazardous waste management system is the proper identification of hazardous wastes. RCRA regulations at 40 CFR 262.11 require that any person who produces or generates a waste must determine if that waste is hazardous. 262.11 also provides four steps for generators to utilize in the process of hazardous waste identification. *** Note: Leaking batteriers/ballasts and broken bulbs containing mercury vapor must be treated as hazardous waste and should be handled as chemical waste. Hazardous Waste Disposal Flow Chart Environmental Health and Safety SEPARATE Contact Office of Research Safety - Radiation Safety at 2-6299 Chemicals (solids, liquids, gases**) Biohazardous (Non-Sharp Potentially Infectious Waste Hazardous Waste Recycling Plant Setup. Hazardous waste can be in form of gaseous, liquids, or solids. It is not a common type of waste and also have different type of disposal technique due to its severe impact on environment. Simply defined, a hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment. Hazardous waste is generated from many sources, ranging from industrial manufacturing process wastes to batteries and may come in many forms, including liquids, solids gases, and sludges.
We have made this channel for the welfare of students to grip the knowldge with easy approach. We have made videos on demand of students speaking in both eng... -- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free... LA County Public Works wants you to know that the proper disposal of household hazardous waste protects the health of your family and the environment. Household hazard waste includes batteries ... Nuclear technologies benefit people everywhere. Radioactive sources are used to sterilize food and medical instruments, to develop improved crops and to diag... Subject:Environmental Sciences Paper: Solid and hazardous waste management. 50+ videos Play all Mix - Hyperbubble - Non Biodegradable Hazardous Waste Disposal YouTube Hyperbubble - Candy Apple Daydreams - Duration: 3:17. HyperbubbleTV Recommended for you This video was created to explain to members of an LEPC (Local Emergency Planning Committee) the definition of a Hazardous Material and Hazardous Waste. The... Guidelines for management and disposal of chemical waste on campus Drained Oil and Fuel Filters: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HP9LGIgd03o#t=00m05s Universal Waste: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HP9LGIgd03o#t=01m08s Empty ... Hazardous Waste - Duration: 13:03. Vance Kite 1,935 views. 13:03. Gold recovery complete process ic chips incineration ... Dump Run Waste City Landfill Garbage Management Trash Disposal ...
